187 Wis. 399 | Wis. | 1925
The plaintiff in this action and her sister, Mary E. McAbee, now deceased, were tenants in common of a forty-acre tract of land in Brown county, Wisconsin. The deceased sister was an invalid and was cared for by the plaintiff for a number of years prior to her death in November, 1914. It is undisputed that the deceased was desirous of compensating her sister for services rendered in taking care of her and that she intended to execute a deed conveying her interest in the common property to her sister. In pursuance of this purpose she asked her brother Henry to make the necessary arrangements, and he consulted Horace Smith, a lawyer, who gave him a quitclaim deed for the interest in question, filled out with the exception of the signatures of the grantor and the witnesses and the acknowledgment. This deed was taken to the home of the deceased, and one Clark, a justice of the peace, was asked to take the acknowledgment of the deed, which he did. However, the deed at present only bears the name of the deceased in the first clause describing the grantor and in the recital of the acknowledgment, and the lines in the testimonium clause intended for the signature of the grantor are filled with the signatures of Henry McAbee and Ann McAbee, while the lines intended for the witnesses are filled with “F. D. Clark, Justice of the Peace.” This action is brought by the plaintiff to establish the execution of the deed, and, if this fails, to enforce the instrument as an executor}? agreement.
The deceased sister, admittedly was unable to sign the deed herself, and the testimony of Henry McAbee is that he
The instrument relied on by the plaintiff would have been a valid deed at common law. Lord Coke thus enumerated the ten essentials of a valid deed of conveyance: “first, writing; and printed words in a deed are a part of it, to the same effect as if written; second, parchment or paper; third, a person able to contract.; fourth, a sufficient name; fifth, a person able to be contracted with; sixth, a sufficient name; seventh, a thing to be contracted for; eighth, apt words required by law; ninth, sealing; tenth, delivery.” 3 Washburn, Real Prop. (6th ed.) p. 216. It will be observed that the signature of the grantor was -not one of these essentials. But since writing has come into general use, the signature is generally regarded as necessary and is made so by statute in
“Section 2203. Conveyances of land or any estate or interest therein may be made by deed signed and sealed by the person from whom the estate or interest is intended to pass, being of lawful age, or by his lawful agent or attorney, and acknowledged or proved as directed in this chapter, without any other act or ceremony whatever.”
The departure from the former long and involved form of deed is well illustrated by the short form set out in sec. 2208 of the Statutes. But in this manner of conveyance the name of the grantee and the signature of the grantor are made essential.
The question here involved is whether there was such a signature by the plaintiff as complies with the statutory requirement. It is plain that there -was not a literal compliance, since the name of the grantor does not appear in the testimonium clause opposite the seal where the signature is generally made. Although she touched the pen held by Henry McAbee supposing that she was properly signing the deed, he wrote his own name instead of her name. It is argued by counsel for the plaintiff that the name of the grantor appears in the acknowledgment; that it was written by Henry McAbee at the deceased’s request; that this was therefore her signature and a compliance with the statute. The statute does not require that the instrument must be “subscribed” nor does it prescribe at what place in the deed the signature must be made. It is the rule generally adopted that where a statute requires the signing of an instrument, it is not necessary that the signature be at the end; but that if the name of the party to be charged appears in any part and was placed there by the party himself or by his authority and is applicable to the whole substance of the writing, it is sufficient. James v. Patten, 6 N. Y. 9, 12 L. R. A. 205; Devereux v. McMahon, 108 N. C. 134, 12 S. E. 902; 8 Ruling Case Law, 938. According to these authorities, when the statute requires that the instrument be “subscribed” a different rule obtains.
It is well settled that where a grantor is present and authorizes another expressly or impliedly to sign his name to a deed, it is then the deed of the grantor, and when the grantor holds the top of the pen while his name is being written by another this is sufficient evidence of such authority. 1 Devlin, Real Estate, §§ 232, 236, and cases cited. At common law the signature might be by mark, and our statutes provide (sub. (19), sec. 4971), “In all cases where the written signature of any person is required by law, it shall always be the proper handwriting of such person, or in case he is unable to write, his proper mark or his name written by some person at his request and in his presence.” See, also, 22 L. R. A. 370. There are numerous cases in which it has been held that irregularities in writing the signature of the grantor, when made by mark or otherwise, do not necessarily vitiate a deed or will. Tustin v. Faught, 23 Cal. 237; Middleton v. Findla, 25 Cal. 76; Agurs v. Belcher, 11 La. 378, 35 South. 607; Bailey’s Heir v. Bailey’s Ex’r, 35 Ala. 687; Devereux v. McMahon, 108 N. C. 134, 12 S. E. 902; Timber v. Desparois, 18 S. Dak. 587, 101 N. W. 878.
In some of these cases the signatures at the end and in the body of the deed were dissimilar and in others entirely
“If the grant, in the intention of the parties, is attempted to be made to some person who has no existence, it cannot take effect. Neal v. Nelson, 117 N. C. 393, 23 S. E. 428. Many technical rules, however, have yielded to more rational views in modern times. The real intention of the parties is to be sought and effectuated by courts when possible. If it was the' intention both of grantor and grantee that the grant should be to some person or persons in existence, that intent may be effectuated by ascertaining under proper rules of evidence the intention of the parties, although such person be not designated by his legal or usual name. . . . Again it is recognized in a multitude of cases that if the court can find that a certain person was intended as grantee, it matters not what name is given him in the deed.” City Bank v. Plank, 141 Wis. 653, 124 N. W. 1000.
If we were compelled to hold that the intentions of the parties were, defeated by the mistake, it would work palpable injustice to the plaintiff. We do not so hold. When the grantor guided the pen of her agent supposing that he was signing her name and when the deed was duly sealed and acknowledged, it became her deed notwithstanding the mistake.
Other questions were discussed in the brief which it becomes unnecessary to decide.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.