103 A. 426 | Md. | 1918
Bush street, in Baltimore City, crosses Russell street, sometimes called the Annapolis road, at right angles, and extends to and ends at what is spoken of in the evidence as the northwest side of Russell street. There is a sewer under the bed of Bush street, which also crosses Russell street at right angles, and extends to the northwest side of Russell street and there empties in Bush street dock. At the mouth of the sewer at the end of Bush street there was a stone wall, which ran parallel with Russell street and the coping of which was about forty feet long. There were two street car tracks on Russell street where it crossed the end of Bush street, and the coping of the wall, which ran along the *115 northwest side of Russell street and at the end of Bush street was, according to the testimony of some of the witnesses, only about six inches above the surface of Russell and Bush streets at their intersection, or above the surface of the ground adjoining the coping. At the time of the accident which gave rise to this suit there was an arc light about seventy or one hundred feet from the corner of Bush and Russell streets, or from the end of the coping, and another light between one hundred and fifty and two hundred feet further from the crossing.
On the night of February 27th, 1915, Albert Biggs while operating an automobile on Bush street where it crosses Russell street ran over the end of Bush street and into the Bush street dock. He died on the 11th of March following, and this suit was brought for the use of his widow and children to recover damages occasioned by his death, which is alleged to have resulted from his being thrown into the dock and to have been caused by the negligence of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore in permitting Bush street where it adjoined Bush street dock to be and remain in an unsafe condition for public travel.
This is the second appeal in the case. At the first trial the lower Court withdrew the case from the jury on the ground that there was no evidence legally sufficient to prove negligence on the part of the city, and on the further ground that it appeared that the deceased had been guilty of contributory negligence. This Court reversed the judgment in favor of the defendant in
During the second trial, which resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $10,000.00, the defendant reserved twenty-nine exceptions to rulings of the Court on the evidence and a further exception to the action of the Court on the prayers.
The first sixteen exceptions, except the twelfth exception, relate to the admissibility of these photographs of the scene of the accident. The accident occurred on the 27th of February, 1915, and the photographs were taken sometime in April following. The evidence shows that between the date of the accident and the time the photographs were taken Bush street and Russell street, where it crosses Bush street, had been paved, and one of the defendant's witnesses testified that some little grading had been done on Russell street at that point. But the photographer who took the photographs testified that they correctly represented the conditions existing at the time they were taken, and a number of plaintiff's witnesses testified that they fairly represented the scene of the accident as it appeared on the 27th of February, except that the streets referred to were not then paved, but were dirt roads, or were paved with cobblestone which were then covered with dirt. The photographs were admitted in evidence over the objection of the defendant with leave to either of the parties to prove any changes they showed in the surface of the streets, and the Court then called the jury's attention to the fact that the parties agreed that the streets at the time of the accident were not smooth streets as represented by the photographs, but "were cobblestones." It is said in 17 Cyc.,
417: "When in an action for personal injuries or other action of tort, or in criminal prosecutions, it becomes material to know the location, surroundings and condition of the premises upon which the accident, injury or crime in controversy occurred, photographs of the locus in quo, if verified by proof that they are true representations, are competent evidence. But the value and admissibility of the photograph, as in other cases, depends upon the *118
fact that it is a correct representation of the place in question, and that the condition existing when it was taken was an accurate reproduction of the condition existing when the accident, injury or crime occurred." While this rule has been followed in this State (Columbia, etc., R. Co. v. Huff,
The twelfth exception is to the ruling of the Court allowing counsel to read a "stenographic copy of the testimony of a deceased witness who testified at the first trial." While the testimony of a deceased witness may be proved by the stenographer who took the testimony and who testified from his notes, or by a witness who heard the testimony, it is not proper to allow counsel to read to the jury a copy of the evidence reduced to writing from the stenographic notes. Ecker v. McAllister,
The seventeenth and eighteenth exceptions are to the admission in evidence of a photographic copy of the application of the deceased for insurance in the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company and the report of the result of the medical examination of the deceased made by *121 Doctor Von Dreele. Doctor Von Dreele testified that he did not know whether the Wm. A. Biggs mentioned in the application was the same person as the deceased; that he did not know whether the photographic copy was a true copy of the original, did not know how it was taken and had never compared it with the original; that he had no recollection of having examined the applicant and could not tell what examination he made or when he made it, but that all of the writing in the photograph was in his handwriting except the amount of the insurance and the signature of the applicant. Apart from the question whether the plaintiff laid a proper foundation for the introduction of a copy of the application and report, we think the evidence was clearly inadmissible. It was offered for the purpose of showing that the deceased was in good health on the 29th day of January, 1915, and the unsworn statements of the deceased were not admissible for that purpose. There could have been no objection to the Doctor using the original report, or a properly proven photographic copy of it, as a memorandum made by him to refresh his recollection of the result of his examination of the deceased, or of the party mentioned therein, known to him or otherwise shown to be the Albert Biggs for whose death the plaintiff seeks to recover, and it is not necessary to determine whether the report would have been admissible as entries made in the ordinary course of professional employment. Gorter on Evidence, p. 119, sec. 5. But even the original application would not have been admissible as evidence of the physical condition of the deceased at the time mentioned, and if there was any evidence in the case tending to show that the deceased was not in good health at the time he applied for the insurance, the admission of the application would have been serious error. But in the absence of such evidence, and in view of other evidence in the case as to his physical condition at the time of the accident, the judgment ought not to be reversed because of this ruling. *122
The evidence referred to in the 19th exception is not of sufficient importance to warrant this Court in holding that its admission was reversible error, even if we were of the opinion that it was not, strictly speaking, admissible. But we think it was admissible as a part of Mrs. Biggs' description of the condition of the deceased shortly before his death.
The 20th, 21st, 22nd and 23rd exceptions relate to the testimony of Doctor Burrows, who testified as an expert. After he stated that he had read all the testimony in the case he was asked, assuming the testimony to be true, "What, in your opinion, did Biggs die of"? After the Court overruled defendant's objection to the question, the witness replied: "After reading all the testimony, I do not think that it would be possible to give a diagnosis of the cause of death in the case of Mr. Biggs. But, on the other hand, I failed to find any evidence that he was not a healthy man up to the time that he was immersed. Owing to the fact that he died eleven days after his immersion, and knowing that an immersion of that kind can be the direct or indirect, or I might say the immediate or subsequent cause of death in a perfectly healthy man, I think that the circumstantial evidence is entirely in favor of the view that he died as the result of this immersion. At least, I can not find any evidence which would indicate that he died from other causes." The witness then went on to state at some length his reasons for his conclusion that the deceased died of some pulmonary trouble. The defendant moved to strike out his testimony but the Court overruled the motion. On cross-examination he testified as follows: "Q. If I understand you correctly, you say that you do not think it was possible to give a diagnosis in this case, is that correct? A. I could not give a diagnosis without a physical examination or an autopsy. Q. What do you mean by giving a diagnosis, telling the cause of death? A. Yes, the cause of death. Q. In other words, you can not state definitely what the cause of death *123
was, is that correct? A. Yes. Q. You can not say what disease he died of, is that correct? A. That is correct. * * * Q. Not being able to make a positive diagnosis, that means that you are not able to tell definitely what Mr. Biggs died of, is that correct? A. That is correct. Q. And not being able to tell from what disease or condition he died, of course you can not tell what predisposed the condition of a disease that you do not know? A. No, sir; I can not." The defendant again moved to strike out the testimony of the witness, but the Court overruled the motion, and the witness on further cross-examination testified as follows: "Q. This man did not die of pneumonia in your opinion did he? A. If I were just making a guess I would say that he died * * *. Q. But we do not want to guess, we are here seriously, not guessing? A. That is the only thing you can do in a case like this. Q. It would be a mere guess, wouldn't it? A. Yes; you do not have enough evidence to say definitely, but the evidence points toward a death from some pulmonary trouble. Q. It is a mere probability that it came from some long involvement and you used the word `guess' I believe, didn't you? A. I said if you wanted to guess, I mean it would be your only guess. I do not have enough evidence to say definitely. We do not make diagnoses without physical examination or autopsies." The defendant renewed his motion to strike out the testimony of the witness which the Court overruled. There was no error in the ruling in the 20th exception. In City Pass. Ry. Co. v. Tanner,
The 24th exception is disposed of by what we have said in reference to the 20th exception, and the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th exceptions are to the refusal of the Court to strike out the testimony of Doctor Wyse, who, when asked to state what his opinion was, from all the evidence in the case, as to the probable and approximate cause of the death of the deceased, said: "Taking into consideration the evidence that Mr. Biggs was healthy up to the time of the accident, taking into consideration that it was in February and that the weather was cold, that he practically fell into a sewer and the water was dirty and foul and cold, that he was in the water a few minutes and in wet clothes for a longer period of time, and the fact that he had a cough all during the succeeding week or ten days, that he was described as looking bad and that he had a chill the night of his death, or the evening before he died, and that the description of the seizure or paroxysm he had during the night with cough, a rattling or expectoration, my opinion is that he died of some lung condition, probably inflammatory, as the result either of the cold or a combination of the cold, and the taking of foul water into his lungs." The contention of the appellant is that there was no evidence in the case to show that the deceased got water in his lungs and that therefore the answer of the witness was inadmissible. On cross-examination, when asked if there was any evidence in the case that Biggs got water in his lungs, Doctor Wyse replied that the deceased was the only person who could have testified to that, but that his opinion was based upon the probability *125 that he did get some water in his lungs, and we think the reply of the witness is a sufficient answer to the contentions of the appellant in reference to the rulings in these exceptions.
Michael J. Cooney, a witness produced by the defendant, who saw the deceased at the hospital immediately after the accident, testified that "he looked as though he had been drinking." He was then asked, "How did that manifest itself?" and he replied, "His talk and his actions." To the question, "To what extent did he appear to be under the influence of liquor?" he replied, "From his talk and his actions he looked as though he had been drinking." The defendant then asked the witness, "The question is to what extent did he seem to be under the influence; was the man simply exhilarated, or was he pretty well intoxicated or otherwise?" The plaintiff objected to the question and the Court sustained the objection, and the 29th exception is to that ruling. We think the question was a proper one, but after the exception was noted the witness was given a further opportunity to answer the question and testified to the conduct and talk of the deceased upon which he based his opinion that he had been drinking, and the defendant could not therefore have been prejudiced by the ruling.
This brings us to the ruling on the prayers. By the plaintiff's first prayer the jury were instructed "that it was the duty of the defendant to take proper precautions by proper guards, signals, lights or other warnings to warn persons of the conditions existing at the foot of Bush street, so as to prevent injuries to persons using said street, and if they find from the evidence that the defendant did not use ordinary care in providing such precautions, and that Albert Biggs, in consequence of such neglect to provide for such precautions, drove an automobile into the water of Bush Street Dock while in the exercise of ordinary care on his part and lost his life thereby, if they so find, then their verdict must be for the defendant." This prayer was approved in Baltimore *126
v. O'Donnell, supra, where the plaintiff was injured by coming in contact with a rope that had been stretched across a street which was being repaired and was impassable, to prevent travel thereon. A lamp had been suspended from the rope to warn persons, but the lamp had been broken and the light extinguished by stones thrown by some boys, and the plaintiff in attempting to pass up the street, driving a back, came in contact with the rope of which he had no warning and was injured. In that case, the street was impassable, and there was no question of the dangerouscondition thereof. But on the former appeal in this case this Court, as we have said, quoted with approval the statement of the Court in Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Maryland,supra, "Whether the excavation in this case was dangerous, or the railings thereto, or the warning given was sufficient to protect persons from or warn them of such danger, were questions of fact, all to be determined by the jury upon consideration of the whole evidence." The plaintiff's first prayer was in effect a determination by the Court that the place of the accident was dangerous, and that it was therefore the duty of the defendant "to take proper precautions by proper guards, signals, lights or other warning to warn persons of the conditions existing at the foot of Bush street." Whether the condition existing at the foot of Bush street made the street dangerous was, we think, a question that should have been submitted to the jury. In the case of Reisterstown Turnpike v. State,
Plaintiff's second prayer is within the principle stated in W.Md. R. Co. v. Shirk,
The defendant's first, second, third, fourth and fifth prayers are disposed of by what was said on the former appeal, and its tenth, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth prayers, in so far as they are free from objection, are covered by the defendant's granted prayers. Its eleventh prayer, however, should have been granted. The defendant was entitled to have the jury's attention called to the light at the intersection of Bush and Russell streets, and to an instruction that if the jury found that the light was sufficient, at the time of the accident, for the deceased, by the exercise of ordinary care, "to have seen the limits of the roadway of said streets, and to have avoided running off the same into the water," the verdict of the jury should be for the defendant.
Because of the errors pointed out in the twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-third and thirtieth exceptions, the judgment must be reversed.
Judgment reversed, with costs, and a new trial awarded. *128