This case arises from a “quick-take” condemnation
1
by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore (“the City”), appellant, of a property located at 1924 N. Charles Street (“the Property”) in Baltimore, Maryland. The Property consists of a three story building which houses a bar and package goods store known as the Magnet.
2
On March 9, 2006, the City filed a petition for condemnation and a petition for immediate possession and title with the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. On March 15, 2006, prior to the property owner being served with any papers, the Circuit Court granted the City’s petitions, ordering that the City “be vested with possession of the fee simple interest in that property known as 1924 N. Charles Street ... as of the 15th day of March, 2006.... ” Pursuant to the court’s order,
Mr. Valsamaki filed an answer within the requisite time period and a hearing was scheduled and held on April 18, 2006. On May 19, 2006, the Circuit Court issued a memorandum opinion denying the City’s petitions for condemnation and immediate possession and title to the Property. On August 8, 2006, after a motion to reconsider had been denied, the City noted a direct appeal to this Court. 3
The City presents one question for our review:
“Does the City have the burden to prove ‘necessity’ to proceed with a quick take condemnation?”
We answer this question in the affirmative, holding that under the Code of Public Local Laws of Baltimore City, § 21-16(a), 4 the City must demonstrate the reason or reasons why it is necessary for it to have immediate possession and immediate title to a particular property via the exercise of a quick-take condemnation.
I. Facts
This case has its genesis in Baltimore City’s urban renewal efforts. On October 25, 1982, the Mayor and City Council of
“The basic goal of this Urban Renewal Plan is the revitalization of the Charles/North area in order to create a unique mixed-use neighborhood with enhanced viability, stability, attractiveness, and convenience for residents of the surrounding area and of the City as a whole. The objectives of this Plan include:
a. protecting existing residential neighborhoods;
b. establishing a positive and identifiable image for the Charles/North Area compatible with the surrounding residential areas;
c. accommodating the expansion of existing retail small business;
d. promoting new retail business activity in the area;
e. establishing and enforcing uniform comprehensive design and rehabilitation standards that will enhance the physical environment of the business area through private investment;
f. bringing about a general physical improvement of the area through coordinated public improvements;
g. providing a pleasant environment for the staging of year-round promotional activities and events; and
h. removing blighting influences and creating development lots for commercial uses.”
The Property is located within the boundaries of the Charles North Revitalization
The issue before us arose on March 9, 2006, when the City acted on Ordinance No. 04-695 and filed a petition for condemnation and a petition for immediate possession of and title to the Property in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The petition for condemnation stated in pertinent part:
“[The City] is duly authorized to acquire the Property Interest hereinafter described [the Property] for public purposes by the following Ordinance(s) of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, viz: Article 13 § 2—7(h)[ 6 ] of the Baltimore City Code (2000 edition), approved November 11, 1999 and Ordinance No. 04-695, approved June 23, 2004.”
“This property will be used for redevelopment purposes; namely in the Charles North Project area.”
The petition for immediate possession and title stated in pertinent part: “That it is necessary for [the City] to acquire immediate possession and title to the said property interest as appears from the affidavit of William N. Burgee, Director of Property Acquisition and Relocation, Department of Housing and Community Development, attached hereto and prayed to be taken as a part hereof.” Relevantly, the attached affidavit read: “The property known as 1924 N. Charles Street, Block 3602, Lot 04[,] must be in possession of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore at the earliest possible time in order to assist in a business expansion in the area.” [Emphasis added]. There was no attempt in the affidavit to specify the immediacy of the necessity other than a general statement that it was needed “at the earliest possible time” “to assist in a business expansion.” There was no discussion of “why.” 7
On March 15, 2006, the Circuit Court granted the City’s petitions, as discussed supra. Mr. Valsamaki, the owner of the Property, timely filed an answer challenging the City’s power to condemn title to the Property and a hearing was set for April 18, 2006.
Prior to the April 18, 2006, hearing, Mr. Valsamaki attempted to obtain discovery
On April 18, 2006, the hearing took place. The Charles North Urban Renewal Plan, illustrated by Ordinance No. 82-799, was introduced into evidence by the City, along with Ordinance No. 04-695, a map of the renewal area, and a photograph of the Property. The City called two witnesses at the hearing. The first witness was Mr. Dombrowski, the Director of Planning and Design for the Baltimore Development Corporation and also the Project Manager for the Charles North area. On cross examination by Mr. Valsamaki’s counsel, the following colloquy occurred:
“Q Were you aware of the Affidavit by Mr. Burgee stating the necessity for, the reason for, necessity for the taking?
A I was aware that an Affidavit had been presented to the Law Department.[ 9 ]
Q And are you aware of the contents of that Affidavit?
AI had not reviewed it before it was sent.
Q Do you know what is meant by a business expansion in the area?
A I think so. It means, to us, at least, the opportunity to provide for additionalbusiness expansion opportunities.
Q Is there any plan for the development of this property?
A The specific property?
Q Yes.
A Not as yet became the procedure we follow is through a request for proposal procedure as you well know.
Q So—
A When we assemble the site, we put it out for public offering for redevelopment.
Q So when the Amendment was adopted in '04, the City really didn’t have any idea what it was going to use the property for?
A We wanted mixed use development, but we had no specific plans because they follow on with the proposals. They come in as part of a proposal.
Q But you really, at this point in time, and at the time you adopted the amendment, you really didn’t have any plan for this property; did you?
A Did not have a specific plan for the property. We are seeking mixed use development for that assemblage of properties.
Q That onset of seeking mixed use development, is that set forth in Exhibit 1 at all?
AI believe so. I believe the—
Q Could you point that out, then?
THE COURT: I’m sorry. Mr. Clerk, could you hand this back, please, to Counsel while he’s—thank you.
A I’m referring ... to page 1 of the Urban Renewal Plan, the very bottom of the page, ‘Item 2, Plan Objectives.[ 10 ] The basic goal of this Urban Renewal Plan is the revitalization of the Charles North area in order to create a unique mixed-use neighborhood with enhanced viability, stability, attractiveness and convenience for residents, et cetera. So, I think this is—
Q I’m trying to understand this. This mixed-use concept then is just a conglomeration of different uses; is that right?
A It’s exactly as it says, ‘a mixed use,’ mixed uses, yes.
Q So then there’s no—I’m trying to relate this to the Affidavit where it says the expansion of a business in the area—‘a business.’ Was there any particular business that was referred to, you had in mind?
A No.
Q So you wouldn’t be able to say that there was any particular type of business that you had in mind for this property or this block?
A Again, I would say that the overriding goal is to create additional retail business opportunities as well as housing opportunities, job opportunities, office opportunities, whatever.
Q I just see in the plan the various permitted uses, include office, residential, community business, community commercial, central commercial, industrial. All those are basically permitted. Is that not right?
A As appropriately zoned, yes.
Q Excuse me?
A If they are appropriately zoned, yes.
Q But they are allowed by the plan, the bottom of page 2, the top of page3. All these uses are allowed. Is that not right?
A In the plan area, yes. In the overall plan area.
Q So as I understand what you’re saying then, you really didn’t have any specific plan for this property or for the plan when you adopted the Urban Renewal areas?
A Not a specific plan. We would choose that when proposals came in. ” [Emphasis added.] 11
Mr. Valsamaki’s counsel continued, asking Mr. Dombrowski specifically about the City’s need for immediate possession of the Property:
“Q Is there any reason that it’s necessary to have immediate possession?
A Well, immediate possession to us means getting something going after 20-some years of non investment in the area or 30 years. It’s a matter of trying to assemble the site, given the fact that we know it takes time to go through this kind of procedure with appraisals, et cetera, and relocation assistance in Mr. Valsamaki’s case. So we are looking for the most expeditious way to get development going and we deferred to the Law Department to tell us how to do that.
Q I don’t understand. If you haven’t even started the RFP process, why it’s necessary to have immediate possession, why you could [not] go the normal route and just have an ordinary condemnation in say six, nine months, something like that. I’m missing—
A We will have an RFP done in a matter of weeks if we know that we can move ahead on the property.
Q You don’t really know whether anybody’s going to respond to the RFP, do you?
A No, we never know that in advance.”
The City next called M.J. “Jay” Brodie, President of the Baltimore Development Corporation, as a witness. The City first asked Mr. Brodie why the subject Property was being acquired:
“Q There are several specific questions that I would like to have you elaborate upon now since you’ve given us sort of an overall view of the Urban Renewal process. What is the reason for—can you elaborate upon the specific reason for acquiring this property, if you could just elaborate upon that for the Court?
A Sure. Well, this property is part of a larger assemblage and it’s our judgment in this case, put in front of the City Council and approved by them that the parcels of this size are necessary for the renewal of the area----”
On cross examination, Mr. Valsamaki’s counsel asked Mr. Brodie to elaborate on whether there was a specific redevelopment plan for the Property:
“Q And you would agree with Mr. Dombrowski that at this point in time there is no specific plan, either for this property or for that lot in which this property [is] located; is that correct?
A Actually, I would not agree with Mr. Dombrowski. I believe on the contrary that the plan in front of the City Council was as specific as most urban renewal plans are at that point in time. It calls for specific land uses. It delineates disposition lots. It proposes—in most cases, not in this case—changes of zoning. So it is not atypical in any sense.... It is the classic one step at a head [time] moving toward a future redevelopment of a particular site.
Q Tell me what specific land uses are called for in the plan for this property?
A The ones that are in the plan. I don’t have the plan in front of me.
Q Well, let me get that.
[THE CITY]: I think [we] need the exhibit—
THE COURT: It’s 1.
A So there are obviously a spectrum of uses that are permitted. That [is] as specific as most urban renewal plans are. The reason is—and there’s a reason. The reason is, in planning of, let’s say 30 or 40 years ago, there was an attempt to pinpoint a specific use for each property such as business or residential or industrial. The organic view of cities that most of us have adopted, is that’s really nearsighted. My nearsightedness has been corrected to 20/20 vision, so in planning terms, we think mixed use is much more sensitive and appropriate for City redevelopment and therefore, the old-fashioned idea of pinpointing a use on a specific property versus allowing a mixture of uses, that’s where we are today. That’s why the plan, as Mr. Dombrowski quoted, calls for a mixed use redevelopment.
Q You don’t really know what specific use this property will be devoted to under the plan?
A ... I’ve just told you. You may not like the answer, but that’s the answer.
Q That you don’t know?
A No, sir. That it’s as specific as the description of mixed uses in the Urban Renewal Plan are.
Q And you would confirm Mr. Dombrowski’s testimony that at this point no RFP has been prepared?
A That’s correct.
Q No RFP has been issued.
A That’s correct.
Q There have been no developers identified for this property.
A That’s correct.
Q And the specific plan that will eventually come into existence for this property will be that proposed by a developer and approved by [the] Baltimore Development Corporation; is that correct?
A I would say that is not correct____The specific plan as Fve just described in the Urban Renewal Plan, the specific design for redevelopment will come out of a proposal by a private sector developer. ” [Emphasis added.]
On May 19, 2006, the Honorable John Philip Miller issued a memorandum opinion and order for the Circuit Court. In so doing, the court analyzed whether the City’s petition for condemnation and petition for immediate possession and title outlined a “public interest of sufficient necessity
“In considering the arguments and the evidence presented by the parties, this Court finds that [the City] fails to demonstrate sufficient grounds which warrant the findings of necessity requisite for the immediate taking. The [City] impassively asserts that the Charles North Project will likely come to a temporary halt unless [the City] is awarded the Property in Interest immediately. The Court, based on all [the] evidence, is not satisfied that the [City] has met its burden. The [City] has failed to submit to the Court either a contract, a focused development plan as it pertains to the Property in Interest, or even a Request for Proposal ... supporting its contentions and establishing necessity required under § 21-16.”
In support of its conclusion, the trial court cited to the recent controversial United States Supreme Court decision in
Kelo v. City of New London, Connecticut,
On May 26, 2006, the City filed a motion for reconsideration to alter or amend judgment. On July 11, 2006, the Circuit Court denied the City’s motion. Thereafter, on August 8, 2006, the City noted a direct appeal to this Court.
II. Discussion
We initially note that the issue of an “immediacy requirement” in quick-take condemnations appears to be an issue of first impression for this Court and has not been the subject of much discussion elsewhere. In a jurisdiction in which the issue has been discussed, the courts have, albeit sometimes as dicta, recognized such a requirement. 12
Condemnation is a function of the State’s power of eminent domain. Eminent domain is defined as “[t]he inherent power of a governmental entity to take privately owned property, esp. land, and convert it to public use, subject to reasonable compensation for the taking.”
Black’s Law Dictionary
562 (8th ed.2004). “[T]he power of eminent domain adheres to sovereignty and requires no constitutional authority for its existence.”
Lore v. Board of Public Works,
As Justice Chase wrote for the Supreme Court in
Colder v. Bull,
3 Dali. 386,
“An ACT of the Legislature (for I cannot call it a law) contrary to the great first principles of the social compact, cannot be considered a rightful exercise of legislative authority. ... A few instances will suffice to explain what I mean____[A] law that takes property from A. and gives it to B: It is against all reason and justice, for a people to entrust a Legislature with SUCH powers; and, therefore, it cannot be presumed that they have done it. The genius, the nature, and the spirit, of our State Government, amount to a prohibition of such acts of legislation; and the general principles of law and reason forbid them. The Legislature ... cannot ... violate ... the right of private property. To maintain that our Federal, or State, Legislature possesses such powers, if they had not been expressly restrained; would, in my opinion, be a political heresy, altogether inadmissible in our free republican governments.”
3 Dali, at 388-89 (emphasis deleted). Justice Story further expounded upon the importance of property rights in
Wilkinson v. Leland,
“That government can scarcely be deemed to be free, where the rights of property are left solely dependent upon the will of a legislative body, without any restraint. The fundamental maxims of a free government seem to require, that the rights of personal liberty and private property should be held sacred. At least no court of justice in this country would be warranted in assuming, that the power to violate and disregard them; a power so repugnant to the common principles of justice and civil liberty lurked under any general grant of legislative authority, or ought to be implied from any general expressions of the will of the people. The people ought not to be presumed to part with rights so vital to their security and well being, without very strong and direct expressions of such an intention.”
Thus, it is evident that government, through its federal and various state legislatures, does not have the authority to take a private individual’s property and convey it to another private individual for a purely private purpose.
Kelo,
The State of Maryland’s jurisprudence in this instance is very similar to that of the federal government. The Maryland Constitution provides that: “The General Assembly shall enact no Law authorizing private property, to be taken for public use, without just compensation, as agreed upon between the parties, or awarded by a Jury, being first paid or tendered to the party entitled to such compensation.” Md. Const. art. III, § 40;
see also Prince George’s County v. Collington Crossroads, Inc.,
The Maryland Constitution, Article XI-B, § 1, does, however, constitutionally provide specific authority for condemnation actions in Baltimore City:
“The General Assembly of Maryland, by public local law, may authorize and empower the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore:
(a) To acquire, within the boundary lines of Baltimore City, land and property of every kind, and any right, interest, franchise, easement or privilege therein, by purchase, lease, gift, condemnation or any other legal means, for development or redevelopment, including, but not limited to, the comprehensive renovation or rehabilitation thereof; and
All land or property needed, or taken by the exercise of the power of eminent domain, by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore for any of the aforementioned purposes or in connection with the exercise of any of the powers which may be granted to the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore pursuant to this Article is hereby declared to be needed or taken for public use.” 14
Chapter 162 of the Acts of 1947. Furthermore, Article III, § § 40A-40C of the Maryland Constitution gives the General Assembly authority to enact legislation providing powers to certain local (and state) entities for immediate takings, or quick-take condemnation actions, for different pur
poses.
Bern-Shaw,
“The General Assembly shall enact no law authorizing private property to be taken for public use without just compensation, to be agreed upon betweenthe parties, or awarded by a jury, being first paid or tendered to the party entitled to such compensation, but where such property is situated in Baltimore City and is desired by this State or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, the General Assembly may provide that such property may be taken immediately upon payment therefor to the owner or owners thereof by the State or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, or into court, such amount as the State or the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, as the case may be, shall estimate to be the fair value of said property, provided such legislation also requires the payment of any further sum that may subsequently be added by a jury____”
Md. Const, art. Ill, § 40A.
The constitutional provisions in regard to quick-take condemnation actions in Baltimore City are effectuated, in a limited manner, by Code of Public Local Laws of Baltimore City, § 21-16. Chapter 420 of the Acts of 1972. Section 21-16 provides the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore with the authority to institute quick-take condemnation actions by filing “a Petition under oath stating that it is necessary for the City to have immediate possession of, or immediate title to and possession of, said property, and the reasons therefore. ” § 21-16(a) (emphasis added). The court may then grant immediate possession “[i]f it appears from a Petition for Immediate Possession, with or without supporting affidavits or sworn testimony, that the public interest requires the City to have immediate possession of said property____” § 21-16(d) (emphasis added). 15
By requiring the City to establish under oath the immediacy of the need for quick-take condemnation (as opposed to regular condemnation), the Legislature has imposed the burden of proof upon the City to establish that immediate need—not imposed a burden on the property owner to prove the contrary. Quick-take condemnation, as established by § 21-16, is to be utilized by the City only when the public interest demands that it is necessary for property to be immediately taken. See also Nicole Stelle Garnett, The Public-Use Question as a Takings Problem, 71 Geo. Wash. L.Rev. 934, 974 n. 257 (2003) (“See, e.g., Steven Elrod, THE POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN—INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW § 1.35 (Supp.1998) (observing that ‘quick-take is intended to be used only when the immediate use of the property is necessary and the project cannot wait until the procedural safeguards of traditional condemnation have been satisfied’).”). It is not a power to be utilized for regular condemnation purposes. 16
“[I]t is important to note that we have ‘underscore^] the principle that condemnation actions are exclusive special statutory actions for the exercise of the eminent domain power.’ Utilities, Inc. [of Md. v. Wash. Suburban Sanitary Comm’n], 362 Md. [37, 49-50], 763 A.2d [129,] 135 [(2000)] (citing Sollins v. Baltimore County,253 Md. 407 ,252 A.2d 819 (1969)). Thus, the statutory scheme delineating [a party’s] condemnation authority informs our consideration of the issues before us.”
J.L. Matthews,
An “Immediate” Necessity
The City asserts that “[t]his Court has held that the burden of proving lack of necessity in a quick take condemnation suit rests upon the party who objects to the proceeding....” In support of this contention, the City cites to
Free State Realty Co., Inc. v. City of Baltimore,
As indicated above, there is a distinction to be made between the two types of condemnation addressed in our case history: regular condemnation and quick-take condemnation. The majority of our cases deal with instances of regular condemnation, rather than quick-take condemnation. There is some confusion extant because the courts have a tendency to mix the interpretation of the two. In the case sub judice we are only concerned with quick-take condemnation in Baltimore City. The quick-take power is statutorily provided by § 21-16 of the Public Local Laws of Baltimore City and, as such, our determination as to the City’s use of quick-take condemnation is governed by that statute.
Judge Eldridge, writing for the Court in
Green v. High Ridge Association, Inc.,
“The Court has held ... that the question of whether there is a ‘necessity’ for a particular condemnation is primarily for the legislative and/or executive branches of government. See, e.g., County Comm’rs v. Schrodel,320 Md. 202 , 216-217,577 A.2d 39 , 46 (1990); Anne Arundel County v. Burnopp, 300 Md. [343,] 348-349, 478 A.2d [315,] 318-319 [(1984)]; Wash. Suburban Sanitary Comm. v. Santorios,234 Md. 342 , 346,199 A.2d 206 , 208 (1964) (‘ “The necessity is for the condemnor and not for the courts to decide,” ’ quoting with approval 1A Nichols On Eminent Domain, § 4.11[3] (3d ed.))____
“The determination by a condemning authority that a particular taking is ‘necessary’ will not be set aside by the courts unless the condemnor’s decision ‘is so oppressive, arbitrary or unreasonable as to suggest bad faith,’ Anne Arundel County v. Burnopp, supra,300 Md. at 349 ,478 A.2d at 318 . Moreover, the burden is upon those challenging the condemnation to establish such bad faith, County Comm’rs v. Schrodel, supra,320 Md. at 217 ,577 A.2d at 46 .”
Green,
The City relies on a line of cases derived from
Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission v. Santorios,
The City primarily relies on
Free State,
a case that also involved the condemnation of a property for urban renewal purposes. In
Free State
it was argued that the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore “improperly or unlawfully exercised its ‘quick take’ powers of eminent domain.”
“The affidavit ... said that the dwelling ... ‘ha[d] deteriorated to such extent as to constitute a serious and growing menace to the public health, safety and welfare,’ which was ‘likely to continue to deteriorate unless corrected, and [that] such continued deterioration m[ight] contribute to the blighting or deterioration of the immediately surrounding area thereto.’ It further recited that the owner had ‘failed to correct the deterioration thereof as evidenced by the violation notice[s] attached____’ ”
Id.
at 552,
Discussing the sufficiency of evidence, the Free State Court looked to Nichols, Law of Eminent Domain, § 26.1315, at 26-169 (3d rev. ed.1976), quoting and discussing the treatise:
“ ‘The burden of proving lack of necessity rests upon the person who objects to the proceeding on this ground.’ The same work in § 26.3 in discussing adjudication of the right to condemn states at pages 26-237 to 238 that the condemning authority must prove certain things and then adds ‘and, in such jurisdictions as treat the necessity of the use as a judicial question, that the land sought to be taken is necessary for the public use, to the extent, at least, of making out a prima facie case.’ Maryland is a jurisdiction treating the necessity of use as a judicial question. See Prince George’s Co. v. Beard,266 Md. 83 , 95,291 A.2d 636 (1972), and cases there cited.”
Free State,
Additionally, the City argues that “while the decision of an agency as to the public necessity for taking a particular property is subject to judicial review, that review is narrow and limited to determining that the agency’s decision is not so oppressive, arbitrary or unreasonable as to suggest bad faith.” That argument is, in part, correct. It does not, however, tell the whole story concerning judicial review under the cireum stances of a § 21-16 quick-take condemnation proceeding, nor for that matter of a regular condemnation. In the present case we are primarily concerned with quick-take actions. The continuing applicability of the City’s position on the limitations on the courts in respect to regular condemnation actions, generally, will be left to future cases.
“When the legislature authorizes a commission or other agency to take and acquire land in fee or as an easement for a public purpose by purchase or condemnation, the selection of the land to be condemned is a matter for the commission to decide. When the taking is challenged, the questions for the court to decide are limited to (i) whether there is any necessity whatever to justify the taking, or (ii) whether the decision of the commission is so oppressive, arbitrary or unreasonable as to suggest bad faith. State Roads Comm. v. Franklin,201 Md. 549 ,95 A.2d 99 (1953); Johnson v. Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Co.,187 Md. 454 ,50 A.2d 918 (1947); Murphy v. State Roads Comm.,159 Md. 7 ,149 A. 566 (1930). In 1 Nichols on Eminent Domain (3rd ed.) § 4.11[3], it is said:
‘The necessity is for the condemnor and not for the courts to decide, and the decision of such condemnor is final so long as it acts reasonably and in good faith. If the land is of some use to it in carrying out its public object, the degree of necessity is its own affair. Whether there is any necessity whatever to justify the taking is, however, a judicial question.’
Furthermore, it has been said that the necessity for the taking does not have to be absolute: all that is required is that it be reasonable under the circumstances. Johnson v. Consolidated Gas. Electric Light & Power Co., supra, at p. 462,50 A.2d 918 (of 187 Md.).”
Santorios,
The City also relies on certain language contained in Schrodel, a regular condemnation case, where the Court summarized a somewhat limited role in reviewing regular condemnation actions under the second question in Santorios:
“ ‘Ordinarily the question of whether a proposed [location] is required by public necessity is legislative rather than judicial____ [T]he decision ... as to the public necessity for taking particular property is not subject to judicial review unless [the] decision is so oppressive, arbitrary or unreasonable as to suggest badfaith. ’ (Emphasis added).”
Schrodel,
The City also points to Herzinger v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, another regular condemnation case, where the Court stated:
“Ordinarily, and for most purposes such as order of proof, it is true that the burden is upon the condemning body to establish its right and power to condemn and the necessity therefor. Davis v. Board of Education,168 Md. 74 , 77,176 A. 878 [(1935)];Kenly v. Washington Co. R.R. Co., 129 Md. 1 ,98 A. 232 [(1916)]. But where the authority is based upon an ordinance or other legislative enactment, it would seem that reliance thereon would make a prima facie case and shift the burden to the person attacking it to show that it is arbitrary or unreasonable.”
Herzinger,
In the case of regular condemnation, once the City establishes at least a minimal level of public use or purpose, judicial review may be thereafter limited to determining that the agency’s decision is not so oppressive, arbitrary or unreasonable as to suggest bad faith; that, however, is not the case in assessing immediacy in a quick-take condemnation action in Baltimore City under § 21-16. Rather, the court must also determine whether there is a necessity to justify an immediate taking and, in that determination, must be able to assess the reasons for the immediacy. Section 21-16 expressly requires the City to state reasons relating to immediacy, thus the City has the burden not only to present a prima facie case of public use, but, additionally, in a quick-take action, the burden to establish the necessity for an immediate taking.
The Court in
Free State
determined that the property in that case, based upon the affidavit attached to the petition for immediate possession, constituted an immediately serious and growing menace to public health, safety and welfare.
Free State,
“In the case at bar [Santorios], where the right to condemn was conceded and the public necessity for the extension of the sewerage system was not questioned, there was no evidence to show, nor was it ever contended, that it was not necessary for the Commission to acquire an ease ment in at least some part of the property of the landowners in order to construct the extension of the sewer line.”
In the case
sub judice,
the City did not satisfy the basic statutory mandate of § 21-16(a) of the Public Local Laws of Baltimore City. As stated
supra,
“ ‘condemnation actions are exclusive special statutory actions for the exercise of the eminent domain power’ ” and “[t]hus, the statutory scheme delineating [the City’s] condemnation authority informs our consideration of the issues before us.”
J.L. Matthews,
The record does not demonstrate sufficient evidence to support a finding that the City is entitled to immediate possession of the Property. As stated supra, the affidavit attached to the petition for immediate possession and title only provides that immediate possession is necessary “in order to assist in a business expansion in the area.” This statement, in and of itself, while perhaps sufficient to justify regular condemnation, does not justify a quick-take condemnation. Cfi Free State, supra (where affidavit showed necessity for public safety). Furthermore, the testimony of the BDC officials at the hearing did not serve to substantiate the City’s claim of immediate need. Mr. Dombrowski testified as to what a business expansion in the area meant, stating: “It means to us, at least, the opportunity to provide for additional business expansion opportunities.” When asked whether there was a specific plan for the development of the Property, he replied: “Not as yet because the procedure we follow is through a request for proposal procedure as you well know.” Mr. Brodie disagreed with Mr. Dombrowski’s statements to the effect that there was no specific plan for development of the property. However, when asked about what specific uses were called for in the plan for the Property, he declined to, or could not, provide a specific answer. He replied, “[s]o there are obviously a spectrum of uses that are permitted. That [is] as specific as most urban renewal plans are.” Furthermore, he stated that “the specific design for redevelopment will come out of a proposal by a private sector developer.”
While the existence of a general urban renewal plan might, under some circumstances, justify the use of regular condemnation, it, alone, under the statute applicable in the instant case, does not suffice to provide the immediacy that needs to exist to justify quick-take condemnation with its lesser procedural due process standards. The vague explanation of “business expansion,” subject to non-existent amorphous future proposals, does not justify the City’s use of quick-take condemnation. The City needs a more concrete, immediate necessity for an exercise of such power that the “public interest” requires. § 21-16(d).
See e.g., Free State,
It is important to note that the opportunities to challenge a condemnation are shortened and truncated when quick-take condemnation is used as opposed to regular condemnation. The court processes available to an owner under the quick-take are severely curtailed, as is well exhibited in the present case. The property owner was ordered out of possession of his property just six days from the time of the filing of the action and only learned that he was dispossessed when the order was served upon him. Then the time for him to respond was so short that he was not afforded time to conduct—or really to begin—discovery procedures in order to be able to address the issues of public use, necessity, or immediacy. Yet, the City did not at that time have present plans for the utilization of the Property and would only know what was to be done with the Property when private developers submitted proposals to it—which might be in an indeterminant future. 20
The desire for the general assemblage of properties for urban renewal might be sufficient to justify the use of regular condemnation proceedings, but absent more specific and compelling evidence than was presented here, does not satisfy the immediacy and necessity requirements under quick-take condemnation.
21
As quick-take is used in this instance by the City, it lends itself to the view that quick-take may be
The framers of the Federal Bill of Rights did not place the property rights clause in some obscure part of these documents. It was placed in an amendment considered by many to be among the most important sections of that foundation stone of our form of democracy. It is found in the Fifth Amendment, included with the double jeopardy clause and the privilege against coerced self-incrimination in criminal cases clause. U.S. Const, amend. V. Immediately alongside those cornerstones of our democracy lies the property rights clause: “No person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” U.S. Con st. amend. V (emphasis added). Reverence is due the property rights clause just as is due the other great provisions of the Fifth Amendment. It is a fundamental right.
It is in that context that we closely scrutinize issues relating to the abridgment of property rights and are careful in an appropriate case, not only to consider the use, or “purpose,” proposed for the forced governmental acquisition of private property, but also to examine the procedural methods used to deprive an owner of his property. It is our function to determine what process is due in a given case. When, and if, a governmental entity attempts to unnecessarily utilize a form of condemnation that procedurally abridges the right of the property owner to contest the taking of his or her property, it is the function of the court to assure to the property owner that his or her procedural rights are protected. Judge Miller fully recognized what was occurring and with his judgment rectified the abridgment of Mr. Valsamaki’s right to full due process under the facts of this case.
Under the circumstances of this case, the factually unjustified exercise of quick-take condemnation rather than regular condemnation is an improper procedural abridgment of these rights. Quick-take condemnation should only be conducted when the need for the possession of the property is immediate (i.e., at the time of filing the petition, immediately necessary) and in the public interest. Otherwise, the City should utilize the regular condemnation power which permits a property owner the full exercise of his or her procedural due process rights. Under circumstances where there is no immediacy, the use of quick-take condemnation deprives a property owner of a significant part of the process to which he or she is due, without any corresponding necessity on the part of the City to justify that deprivation. When the stockpiling of property is the goal, except perhaps under some circumstances relating to a final acquisition, the regular condemnation power is more appropriate, in that it affords greater procedural due process protections to the property owner. Nor is the use of quick-take proper purely in order to gain a litigation advantage.
It is useful to understand some other important differences and effects between quick-take condemnation and regular condemnation, especially as they relate to the exercise of eminent domain in respect to the taking of commercial or business properties. In regular condemnation, a taking authority files suit in court to condemn the property and, while the months (or years) long process goes on, the property owner maintains possession of his residence or business, operates it in the case of a business (albeit that the pendency of condemnation proceedings can adversely affect
When quick-take procedures are used, the taking entity obtains almost immediate possession of the property and in the process the business being conducted on the property, for all intents and purposes, is destroyed. Then, the quick-take process seriously circumscribes the procedural due process available in regular condemnation cases, a process in regular condemnation that contemplates that a property owner have a full opportunity to at least mount an effective challenge to the public nature of the use or purpose behind the taking. Instead of having a full opportunity to challenge the justification of the condemning authority, in quick-take condemnations the property is taken and he or she is left to argue, primarily, only about compensation as the property is already gone. Even if down the road, six months, a year, whatever period of time, the property owner is able to meet the burden of challenging the intended public use of the property, the business itself is gone. The viable business, that he or she may have spent the better part of a lifetime building up, is gone. In many instances, an owner of a family (or other) business may be unable to simply start-up where he or she was before the condemning authority, via the quick-take process, destroyed the business.
Even when residential properties are taken by quick-take condemnation, it will often be impossible to place the property owner in the pre-condemnation condition if the property owner ultimately were to prevail. By that time the owner’s home may have been destroyed. It is impossible to put him or her back in a pre-quick-take position.
In essence, quick-take procedures can be used inappropriately to destroy altogether the right of the property owner to challenge the public use prong of eminent domain which, although greatly circumscribed by various state and federal cases, remains as a viable aspect of the use of eminent domain powers, or otherwise the courts would be writing language out of the constitution by judicial fíat.
It is for these and similar reasons that the lower courts should carefully scrutinize the use of this quick-take procedure to ensure that its use, in the first place, is supported by the immediacy, 22 not of the process, but of the alleged public need. General allegations that “we are using it in this case because sometime in the future we want to request proposals from some unnamed and unknown developers, for us to consider, so that we can then convey the property to a developer and it will then construct something that will help ‘renew’ this property,” simply do not suffice. In cases involving this type of condemnation, courts should also seriously consider whether the condemning entity is using this quick- take merely to gain a procedural advantage or to stockpile properties that it will later sell to private developers, or simply to freeze the value of the property in a time of a rising economy. These improper, potential considerations dictate that the entity attempting to utilize this process, clearly assert the specific immediacy of the need.
The statute that applies in this case, § 21-16 of the Public Local Laws of Baltimore
At the hearing below, the agents of the City literally refused to answer any questions directed at the immediate need for this specific property, but appeared to have adopted the attitude that the City did not have to have a specific immediate need for the property, so long as sometime in the near or distant future they had such a need. That may (or may not) suffice in regular condemnation proceedings. It is not sufficient when the City chooses to initiate quick-take proceedings. The conferring of quick-take power on Baltimore City (and certain other local governments) was not for the purpose of allowing such entities to use it “whenever they wanted to” but to use it only when immediate possession or title was necessary, and then only when they can establish sufficient reasons for the immediacy of the taking. This extraordinary power conferred upon the City was not granted to it for it to use if it were merely convenient when the need for the use of the property was not immediately necessary.
The purpose of the quick-take power is for it to be used when the need for the public use is immediate. It was not conferred for the purpose of allowing a condemning authority to run “roughshod” over the owners of private property. When that happens, or begins to happen, the property owner’s recourse is to the courts.
Public Use/Purpose
Both parties present positions and arguments in respect to the alleged public use of the Property. The City argues that the Circuit Court’s reliance on the Supreme Court’s decision in
Kelo v. City of New London, Connecticut,
Kelo v. City of New London
In 2000, the city of New London, Connecticut approved a development plan for a distressed waterfront area of the city.
Id.
at 471-72,
The city of New London authorized a private non-profit entity, the New London Development Corporation (“NLDC”), to assist the city in its development planning. Various state agencies and the city council evaluated six alternative development proposals for the Fort Trumball area and, after “obtaining state-level approval, the NLDC finalized an integrated development plan.... ”
Kelo,
In January 2000, the city council of New London approved the plan and authorized the NLDC, as its development agent, to acquire properties within the development area by purchasing them or exercising eminent domain. The conflict arose when several individuals refused to sell their homes and other property and the NLDC commenced eminent domain proceedings. There was no evidence that the subject properties were “blighted or otherwise in poor condition; rather, they were condemned only because they happened to be located in the
development area.”
Kelo,
As a preliminary matter, Justice Stevens, 'writing for the Supreme Court, stated two general propositions regarding takings. First, “the City would no doubt be forbidden from taking petitioner’s land for the purpose of conferring a private benefit on a particular private party.”
Kelo,
The Court then proceeded to emphasize the requirement that the development plan satisfy a “public purpose,” as opposed to a “public use.” This is evidenced by the fact that the “ ‘Court long ago rejected any literal requirement that condemned property be put into use for
The reto Court looked to. two cases, relevant to our evaluation of the case
sub judice,
in discussing situations in which the Supreme Court has found a taking justified by a valid public purpose:
Berman v. Parker,
In
Berman,
the Court upheld a redevelopment plan for an area of Washington, D.C. That plan targeted blighted residential properties which were beyond repair. The area would be redeveloped with new streets, schools, public facilities, and low-cost housing. The Court found that: “The plan ... specifie[d] the boundaries and allocate[d] the use of the land for various purposes. It ma[de] detailed provisions for types of dwelling units and provide[d] that at least one-third of them [were] to be low rent housing with a maximum rental of $17 per room per month.”
Berman,
The owner of a piece of property located within the redevelopment area objected to the condemnation of the property. Though it was undisputed that the property—consisting of a department store—was not blighted, it was nonetheless condemned as part of the plan. There, the property owner argued that taking a person’s property “merely to develop a better balanced, more attractive community” was not a public purpose.
Id.
at 31,
“We do not sit to determine whether a particular housing project is or is not desirable. The concept of the public welfare is broad and inclusive. See Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. v. State of Missouri,342 U.S. 421 , 424,72 S.Ct. 405 , 407,96 L.Ed. 469 . The values it represents are spiritual as well as physical, aesthetic as well as monetary. It is within the power of the legislature to determine that the community should be beautiful as well as healthy, spacious as well as clean, well-balanced as well as carefully patrolled.”
Berman,
In
Midkiff,
the Court addressed a Hawaii statute designed to combat land oligopoly. The statute provided condemnation authority for transferring fee title of property from lessors to lessees for just compensation. The Court found a valid public use in the elimination of the “social and economic evils of a land oligopoly.”
Midkiff,
In the case sub judice, the necessity for immediate possession (in contrast to the public use or public purpose to be achieved) is not sufficiently shown by the evidence introduced by the City in order to justify the use of quick-take condemnation, as opposed to the regular condemnation power. Notwithstanding that, even had the case involved the use of regular condemnation, the evidence presented below of public use was sparse. 26 The City has only shown that the Property is to be acquired for renewal purposes to assist in a “business expansion” in the area. 27
The takings in
Kelo
and
Berman
were conducted pursuant to comprehensive development plans that were in place prior to the takings.
Kelo,
Under the scheme extant here, private developers are not contractually bound—and may never be, because proposals may never be presented or approved. Additionally, it is impossible for a private property owner to be made aware of the contractual conditions at the time of the quick-take when such contracts do not exist.
Finally, both
Berman
and
Midkiff
are distinguishable from the case
sub judice
based upon the condition of the property in the cases prior to condemnation proceedings. As Justice O’Connor wrote in her dissent in
Kelo:
“In both those cases
[Berman
and
Midkiff],
the extraordinary, precondemnation
use of the targeted property inflicted affirmative harm on society-in
Berman
through blight resulting from extreme poverty and in
Midkiff
through oligopoly resulting from extreme wealth.”
Kelo,
Maryland Law
The City argues that Maryland law recognizes economic development as a public purpose and that Ordinance No. 82-799 and Ordinance No. 04-695 implement an urban renewal plan which accomplishes or intends to accomplish such economic development. It is evident that the State recognizes economic development as a public purpose and constitutionally provides the City with authorization to utilize its power of eminent domain in achieving such development. It does not do so, however, without some restraint on the City’s eminent domain power.
As discussed
supra,
Article XI-B, § 1 of the Maryland Constitution provides that “[t]he General Assembly of Maryland, by public local law, may authorize and empower the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore: (a) To acquire ... land and property of every kind ... for development or redevelopment. ...”
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Chertkof
Furthermore, Article III, § 40A, of the Maryland Constitution provides that the General Assembly may provide quick-take condemnation power to Baltimore City, stating: “... where such property is situated in Baltimore City and is desired by this State or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, the General Assembly may provide that such property may be taken immediately upon payment therefor to the owner or owners thereof by the State or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore.”
Bern-Shaw,
In exercising its quick-take condemnation authority, however, we restate that § 21-16 provides that the City must file a petition under oath stating the reasons why it is necessary to have
immediate
possession and the court must determine “that the public interest requires the City to have
immediate
possession of said property....” § 21-16(a) and (d). This helps to provide justification that a taking is in fact for a public purpose. Then-Chief Judge Murphy, writing for the Court, has stated: “Whether the use for which private
property is taken is public or private is a judicial question, to be determined by the court; a legislative body cannot make a particular use either public or private by merely declaring it so.”
Chertkof,
A judicial determination of public purpose provides a check, no matter how abbreviated, on the Legislature’s, and in this case the City’s, eminent domain power. This was emphatically expressed well over a century ago in
New Central Coal Co. v. George’s Creek Coal & Iron Co.,
“[T]he Legislature has, by virtue of the right or power of eminent domain, the right to authorize, by compulsory process, the taking of private property for public uses, but for public uses only; and it is for the regulation of the exercise of this high and delicate power, and to secure full and ample compensation to the party aggrieved, that the constitutional provision has been adopted. Tt undoubtedly must rest as a general rule,’ says Chancellor Kent, (2 Com. 340,) in the wisdom of the Legislature, to determine when public uses require the assumption of private property; but if they should take it for a purpose not of a public nature, as if the Legislatureshould take the property of A, and give it to B ... under the pretext of some public use or service, such cases would be gross abuses of their discretion, and fraudulent attacks on private right, and the law would clearly be unconstitutional and void. Whenever, therefore, the use is in fact public, or has for its object the public benefit or utility, though coupled with private objects of gain and emolument, the question of the exercise of the power of eminent domain over private property, is exclusively one of discretion in the Legislature; but whether the use, in any particular case, be public or private, is a judicial question; for otherwise, the constitutional restraint would be utterly nugatory, and the Legislature could make any use public by simply declaring it so, and hence its will and discretion become supreme, however arbitrarily and tyran[n]ically exercised. ”
In regular condemnations, however, only the public use, not the immediacy of the need, is at issue. In determining whether there is a valid public purpose for a regular condemnation action, we have looked to whether there is a comprehensive development plan. The Court stated in Master Royalties that:
“We think that the requirement of a public purpose for the exercise of the power of eminent domain which the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment imposes upon the States is no more rigorous than the requirement of public use imposed by the Fifth Amendment upon the Federal Government’s exercise of the power of eminent domain. Berman v. Parker,348 U.S. 26 (decided about a year after our Herzinger case) seems to us controlling as showing that a taking in furtherance of a genuine urban renewal plan dealing with problems similar to those exist ing in the instant case,[ 30 ] is a taking for a public purpose.”
Master Royalties,
In
Beard,
the Court addressed whether a proposed industrial park constituted a public use.
“The County will subject land conveyed to private parties to certain ‘development covenants.’ The comprehensive plan provides that ‘[tjhese covenants will deal with management of natural features, maintenance of health, safety and welfare, control of hazards and nuisances, and guidelines for assuring a high quality physical environment.’ The entire industrial park will be placed in an EIA (Comprehensive Design for Employment and Institutional Areas) zoning classification. As the comprehensive plan states, the classification ‘will offer Prince George’s County the opportunity to control the detailed development of this 1700 acre area through the use of a three phase process of review and approval of detailed plans.’ ”
Id.
at 180,
All of these instances reflect greater specificity and planning than was presented as evidence below in the case sub judice. 31 Thus, while economic development may be a public purpose, it must be carried out pursuant to a comprehensive plan. In a specific case, simply providing that a property is to be condemned “for urban renewal purposes,” without more, is not enough. This is particularly true where quick-take condemnation proceedings are concerned, as shown by our discussion supra.
III. Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, we hold that, pursuant to § 21-16 of the Public Local Laws of Baltimore City, the City failed to provide sufficient reasons for its immediate possession of and title to the subject Property. § 21-16(a). Without evidence that the continuing existence of a particular building or property is immediately injurious to the health and safety of the public, or is otherwise immediately needed for public use, there is no way to justify the need for immediate possession of the Property via quick-take condemnation pro eeedings. § 21-16(d). This is as opposed to offering a property owner the full process to which he or she is constitutionally due, via the exercise of the regular condemnation power. Therefore, we affirm the Circuit Court’s denial of the City’s petition for condemnation and petition for immediate possession and title.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY THE APPELLANT.
RAKER and HARRELL, JJ., join in the judgment only.
Judge RAKER and Judge HARRELL authorize me to state that they join in the analysis and conclusion regarding immediacy in this opinion and, therefore
Notes
. A quick-take condemnation involves "[t]he immediate taking of possession of private property for public use, whereby the estimated compensation is deposited in court or paid to the condemnee until the actual amount of compensation can be established.”
Black’s Law Dictionary
310 (8th ed.2004).
See Bern-Shaw Ltd. P'ship v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore,
. According to statements by appellee’s counsel at oral argument, the Property still functioned as an active business, at least up until the time quick-take proceedings were initiated.
. Pursuant to the Code of Public Local Laws of Baltimore City, §21-16(c), the parties involved in a quick-take condemnation action in Baltimore City have the right to a direct appeal to the Court of Appeals. Section 21-16(c) states in pertinent part:
"In cases where the City files a Petition for Immediate Taking of title and possession to the said property in fee simple absolute or such lesser estate or interest as is specified in the Petition, title thereto shall irrevocably vest in the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore ten days after personal service of the Petition upon each and every Defendant or, if the Defendants or any of them shall file an answer to the Petition within the said ten day period alleging that the City does not have the right or power to condemn title to the property, then on the date of the trial court's decision or on the date of decision in any appeal from the trial court.
"In the event the Defendants or any of them should file an answer, the court shall schedule a hearing within fifteen days of the date of the filing of an answer, which hearing shall be only for the purpose of contesting the right or power of the City to condemn title to the property. The trial court shall render its decision within fifteen days from the final day of said hearing. The City or the Defendants or any of them shall have an immediate right of appeal to the Court of Appeals of Maryland from the decision of the trial court.” (Emphasis added.)
See also Maryland Rule 8-301(a) ("Appellate review by the Court of Appeals may be obtained only: (1) by direct appeal or application for leave to appeal, where allowed by law.... ”).
. The Code of Public Local Laws of Baltimore City, § 21-16, is titled “Quick-take condemnation—in general,” and states in subsection (a), titled "Petition for Immediate Taking,” that:
"Whenever any proceedings are instituted under Title 12 of the Real Property Article of Public General Laws of the State of Maryland or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore for the acquisition of any property for any public purpose whatsoever, the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, simultaneously with the filing of said proceedings or at any time thereafter, may file a Petition under oath stating that it is necessary for the City to have immediate possession of, or immediate title to and possession of, said property, ond the reasons therefore.”
§ 21-16(a) (emphasis added). It is clear from the emphasized language of the statute that when the Legislature conferred quick-take powers on Baltimore Ci1y it did so with the limitation that such powers should be exercised only when the necessity was "immediate.’’ We have found no prior Maryland case that addresses the "immediate” language of the enabling statute.
. The Baltimore City Code provides that renewal projects in Baltimore City must be conducted pursuant to a renewal plan:
“ § 2-5. Renewal and Conservation Plans.
(a) Project must conform to Plan.
No Renewal Project or Conservation Project shall be undertaken by the Department of Housing and Community Development except in accordance with the Renewal or Conservation Plan applicable to the area in which the project is to be undertaken.
(b) Renewal Plans.
(1) As used herein a Renewal Plan means a plan, as it exists from time to time, for the elimination, correction, or the prevention of the development or the spread of slums, blight, or deterioration in an entire Renewal Area or a portion thereof. When a plan is applicable to less than an entire Renewal Area, it shall include a description of the boundaries of the area to which it applies.
(2) The plan shall include a land use map showing the proposed use of all land within the area to which the plan is applicable, including the location, character, and extent of the proposed public and private ownership.
(3) The plan shall be sufficiently complete to define such land or property acquisition, acquisition of interests therein, demolition and removal of structures, disposition of land or properly or interests therein, improvements, and programs of renovation or rehabilitation and conservation, and activities to effect substantial environmental change, as may be proposed to be undertaken or carried out in the area to which the plan is applicable; and the plan shall include a statement of the methods and standards under which the same is to be accomplished and the necessary controls to be applied in order to effect rehabilitation and conservation by owners of existing properties.
(4) The plan shall set out zoning changes, if any.
(5) The plan also shall indicate the nature of the restrictions, conditions, or covenants, if any, which are to be incorporated in deeds or contracts for the sale, lease, use or redevelopment of land or property within the area to which the plan is applicable.
(6) In addition, the plan shall state the reasons for the various provisions which it contains.”
Baltimore City Code, Art. 13, § 2-5 (2006).
. Baltimore City Code, Article 13, § 2-7(h) provides, in pertinent part:
"(h) Acquisition of deteriorated or abandoned property.
(1) Subject to the prior approval of the Board of Estimates, the Department may acquire, for and on behalf of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, any single-family or multiple-family dwelling unit or other structure within the boundary lines of Baltimore City, by purchase, lease, condemnation, gift or other legal means, for development and redevelopment, including but not limited to the renovation, rehabilitation and disposition thereof, when the Commissioner has determined:
(i) that such dwelling unit or other structure has deteriorated to such extent as to constitute a serious and growing menace to the public health, safety and welfare;
(ii) that such dwelling unit or other structure is likely to continue to deteriorate unless corrected;
(iii) that the continued deterioration of such dwelling unit or other structure may contribute to the blighting or deterioration of the area immediately surrounding the said dwelling unit or other structure; and
(iv) that the owner of such dwelling unit or other structure has failed to correct the deterioration thereof."
. In essence, the City appears to have been using its quick-take power to ''stockpile” or assemble properties.
. Section 21-16(c) of the Public Local Laws of Baltimore City provides that an individual has ten days after being served with a petition for immediate taking of possession and title to property to file an answer challenging the City’s right or power to condemn. In that event, the court must schedule a hearing within fifteen days of the date of the filing of the answer. Therefore, a hearing would take place within 25 days of an individual being served with a petition. Pursuant to Maryland Rule 2—421 ("Interrogatories to parties”) and Rule 2-422 ("Discovery of documents and property”), a party has 30 days to respond upon being served with a discovery request for interrogatories or documents. Additionally, Rule 2-417 ("Deposition—Written questions”) provides that a party has 30 days from receipt of service of the notice to serve their own cross questions. So, not only is the time to prepare for trial drastically shortened in a quick-take action, but discovery in the ordinary course of litigation is virtually impossible. Important procedural due process protections are conspicuously absent from this stage of the proceeding in quick-take actions.
Because the issue of the facial constitutionality of this public local law process has not been adequately presented to the court, we shall not directly resolve it, although we shall express certain concerns.
. The Baltimore City Solicitor's office is referred to as the "Law Department.” It appears that the practice of the Baltimore Development Corporation ("BDC”) is to first attempt negotiations for the purchase of properties. Should those negotiations fail to result in a favorable purchase price for the City, or a purchase at all, the BDC turns to the Law Department to acquire properties via the exercise of eminent domain. Apparently, it is the decision of the Law Department as to whether to initiate traditional condemnation proceedings or to pursue a quick-take condemnation action.
. See Ordinance 82-799's goals and objectives, supra.
. Under the process utilized, while the City retains the power of approval and acceptance, the actual initial discussions as to how a property will be used are generated by private developers. This process is know as a "Request for Proposals” (“RFP”). It is apparent from the record that the City’s process for redeveloping the Charles North Revitalization Area is first to obtain all, or at least many, of the properties targeted for renewal pursuant to Ordinance No. 04-695 (whether by purchase or condemnation) and then to issue an RFP to gamer development proposals from private developers. The City would then choose from amongst the proposals, should any be forthcoming. Under these circumstances, an owner of a property who is resisting condemnation has no knowledge as to what use his or her property will be put. In fact, not only is a property owner lacking of this knowledge, but the City is ignorant of specific proposals as well. The parties will only know what the use will be when proposals are received and one is chosen.
. In
City of Chicago v. First Bank of Oak Park,
In another intermediate appellate court case from Illinois,
Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Vogt,
"The date of filing of an Eminent Domain suit is of paramount importance because the date of filing is the date used for evaluation of the subject property. The Court takes judicial notice of the fact that property values have increased steadily during the past ten years in this county, and that it would be manifestly unfair to permit any condemning authority to hurriedly file its condemnation petition when property values are relatively low, and then not be in a position to try the case until several years later when property values are relatively high.”
Id.
at 775,
The Illinois intermediate appellate court held that "it is an abuse of power for a condemning authority to 'quick take’ property under the pretense of imminent necessity when there exists only some possibility of need at an indefinite future date.”
Id.
at 779,
. "... [N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law....” U.S. Const, amend. XIV.
. Even if this per se declaration sufficed to establish public use under the provisions of the State Constitution, which we do not accept or reject, it would have no impact on the protections afforded property owners under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Federal Constitution. Nor does it justify the deprivation of process that may occur when the quick-take power—as opposed to regular condemnation power—is used.
. In contrast, the statutory and constitutional provisions conferring quick-take power on the State Roads Commission, do not expressly prescribe the requirement of immediacy. Accordingly, the City’s quick-take powers are not the equivalent of the Commission’s.
. There is some indication from the record that the City, generally, may be misusing its quick-take condemnation power. Discussing when quick-take is used, the City’s attorney stated at oral argument that: “We make a decision to take it by quick-take because we feel that the owner has been afforded every opportunity based upon the process we have in place.” Additionally, at the hearing before the Circuit Court, the City’s counsel made several statements concerning when it thought quick take was appropriate. The City stated: "I think that when negotiation has taken place over a few years, then quick take becomes the appropriate measure to take to acquire a property” and "I think that 21-16 [the quick-take statute] was actually set up so that when there was a glitch in the system to acquire properly, that there would be another tool for acquisition____”
Quick-take is not to be used simply because negotiations to purchase the property have failed. If the negotiation process has not resulted in the sale of a property, the City has the ability to initiate regular condemnation proceedings which provide all of the procedural due process protections that are absent from a quick-take condemnation proceeding.
. In Free State, as in the case sub judice, § 21-16 of the Public Local Laws of Baltimore City was the controlling statute. As discussed supra, § 21-16 provides that the court will grant immediate possession of a property pursuant to a quick-take condemnation action if the City files a petition under oath stating the reasons why it is necessary to have immediate possession and, if it appears from that petition, “that the public interest requires the City to have immediate possession of said property....” § 21-16(a) and (d) (emphasis added). When a statute requires a governmental entity to meet a certain standard, the sufficiency of that entity’s compliance with the statute will generally be subject to judicial review, especially when the deprivation of fundamental constitutional rights is involved. Thus, there is a statutory requirement that the City show immediate necessity and it is not sufficient to simply present a conclusory “public use” statement. Even when a statute expressly confirms public use status, it still remains, as we have indicated, ultimately a judicial question.
. The situation in Segall is generally understood in land use law to be the "hold-out” factor. During property assemblages, whether private or public, one or more properly owners resist selling, wanting to be the last owner of a parcel or among the last, in order to be able to demand higher prices for their property because they are holding up a large project. In private acquisitions a purchaser’s options in dealing with hold-outs are limited. In public acquisitions, the condemnation process—even quick-take actions—are available to address the situation. In the present case there was no evidence presented below that Mr. Valsamaki was a “hold-out” or that an immediate taking (as opposed to regular condemnation) was necessary because the failure to immediately acquire the property would seriously and immediately impair the City’s urban renewal needs.
. It is evident in the case sub judice, that in the trial court proceeding, Mr. Valsamaki challenged the right of the City to condemn title to the Property based upon the City’s failure to comply with the formal requirements of § 21-16. Mr. Valsamaki argued that the City lacked the right and power to initiate a quick-take condemnation action because it failed to show a public interest which necessitated immediate possession of the Property. Rather, the City only asserted the vague reason of "business expansion," not subject to any particularized, detailed, or specific development plan.
. The transcript, however, does indicate through Mr. Dombrowski’s testimony on cross examination that there is the possibility that an RFP would be issued quickly:
"Q I don’t understand. If you haven’t even started the RFP process, why it's necessary to have immediate possession, why you could [not] go the normal route and just have an ordinary condemnation in say six, nine months, something like that. I’m missing—
A We will have an RFP done in a matter of weeks if we know that we can move ahead on the property.”
Even if, arguendo, an RFP was issued "in a matter of weeks” there is no way of determining at this time when proposals would be due, how long it would take the BDC to evaluate and the City to approve any proposal, and whether any proposals at all would even be forthcoming.
. With the possible exception of “hold-outs.”
. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 712 (Unabridged ed.1983) defines immediate as "occurring or accomplished without delay; instant ... following without a lapse of time.” One of the synonyms provided is "instantaneous.”
. Thus, Kelo had an opportunity to fully litigate the issues, i.e., she received the process to which she was due.
. The substitution of “public purpose” for “public use” has long been a staple of eminent domain law, both in Maryland and in the federal sphere. It is as logical now as it was when it was first conceived. While there will always be a public purpose when property is obtained for actual public use, the contrary is not necessarily so.
. After Kelo, there appeared a virtual blizzard of articles, treatises, law review articles, and the like. Most were critical of the opinion, but, more importantly, critical of the use of the power of eminent domain for urban renewal or economic development. The list of those articles is extensive and need not be listed in this note. Much of that criticism, can be typified by several comments in an article by Charles E. Cohen, Eminent Domain after Kelo v. City of New London: An Argument for Banning Economic Development Takings, 29 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y 491 (2006).
. Under a regular condemnation proceeding the City may well have introduced additional evidence reflecting a more comprehensive plan. We assume that the City, in a regular condemnation action, would be able to establish the "public use/puipose” of its plan. Though in such actions the City may want to consider offering much more evidence than it did in the present case. This would be beneficial in satisfying its minimal burden of presenting a prima facie case as to public use/purpose.
. The Supreme Court addressed the "lack of a reasoned explanation for a taking” in
Cincinnati v. Vester,
"We are thus asked to sustain the excess appropriation in these cases upon the bare statements of the resolution and ordinance of the city council, by considering hypothetically every possible, but undefined, use to which the city may put these properties, and by determining that such use will not be repugnant to the rights secured to the property owners by the Fourteenth Amendment. We are thus either to assume that whatever the city, entirely uncontrolled by any specific statement of its purpose, may decide to do with the properties appropriated, will be valid under both the state and Federal Constitutions, or to set up some hypothesis as to use and decide for or against the taking accordingly, although the assumption may be found to be foreign to the actual purpose of the appropriation as ultimately disclosed and the appropriation may thus be sustained or defeated through a misconception of fact.”
Id.
at 446,
While the factual and procedural stance of Vaster is certainly distinguishable from the case sub judice, it does lend some weight to our discussion. It is not for the Court to have to guess what use the City may have for a particular piece of property. It is the City’s responsibility to plan for economic development before condemnation occurs. This is not to say that the City does not have the flexibility to alter plans as the process moves along, but the City, using the quick-take procedure, cannot just stockpile an assemblage of properties without proving some further justification that those properties need to be taken immediately for a valid public use or purpose. In the case of quick-take condemnation, the City is statutorily required to show that there is an immediate necessity for the possession of a particular property.
. The City did not specifically assert that the subject Property is blighted. The only reference to blight is in the City’s petition for condemnation, which states: "[The City] is duly authorized to acquire the Property Interest hereinafter described for public purposes by the following Ordinance(s) of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, viz: Article 13 § 2-7(h) of the Baltimore City Code (2000 Edition), approved November 11, 1999 and Ordinance No. 04-695, approved June 23, 2004." Simply referencing Article 13, § 2-7(h) of the Baltimore City Code, which provides for the acquisition of deteriorated or abandoned property, is not an affirmative assertion that the specific subject Property constitutes a "serious and growing menace to the public health, safety and welfare.” In any case, in terms of the action being a quick-take proceeding, rather than a traditional condemnation proceeding, the City would need to show
immediate
need for any such condemnation.
See Free State,
. As
the Supreme Court of Rhode Island recently noted in
Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation v. The Parking Company, L.P.,
. It was testified to that the buildings in
Master Royalties
were "heavily dilapidated and blighted” and that the area targeted for condemnation met the "definition of a slum, blighted or deteriorated area.”
Master Royalties,
. As we have indicated, supra, in a regular condemnation action and trial, the City may well be able to produce sufficient evidence of public use or purpose. It, as we have stated, has done so in the past.