Lead Opinion
{¶ 1} Plaintiff, Jason Maynard, appeals from the order of the trial court
{¶ 2} Plaintiff recently was diagnosed with type I diabetes and requires regular insulin injections in connection with his meals. On his second day of work for the employer, plaintiff was assigned to work with Michael Russe and Foreman David Fiotti. At noon, plaintiff ate lunch and administered his insulin injection, then returned to work approximately ten minutes later. The workers completed the job at around 2:30 p.m. Upon leaving the work site, Fiotti decided that they should go to Wendy’s for lunch, and he instructed Russe to drive the employer’s truck to that location. Plaintiff indicated that he did not feel well and asked to sit near a window. When the three arrived at Wendy’s, Fiotti asked plaintiff what he wanted to eat, but plaintiff did not answer.
{¶ 3} Fiotti and Russe left plaintiff alone in the truck and ate their lunch in the restaurant. Upon their return, they observed plaintiff on his back, leaning toward the passenger side of the truck with his feet toward the steering wheel. His arms were outstretched, and he was “blowing out of his mouth.” Russe opened the door on the driver’s side, Fiotti opened the door on the passenger’s side, and they asked plaintiff if he was okay. When plaintiff failed to respond, the men called their office and then called 9-1-1. At that point, plaintiff suddenly placed his feet on the floor of the truck cab, turned sideways, and fell out of the truck through the open passenger door, injuring his head and shoulder.
{¶ 4} Plaintiff sought workers’ compensation benefits for these injuries. His claim was denied because the “employee [plaintiff] did not sustain an injury in the course of and arising out of employment^] employee was not engaged in activities for the benefit of the employer.” Following the denial of his claim, plaintiff initiated an appeal to the court of common pleas, designated case No. 470242, which is still pending.
{¶ 5} On October 10, 2003, plaintiff filed the instant action against his employer and the employer’s automobile insurance carrier. Plaintiff alleged negligence, workplace intentional tort, and entitlement to uninsured-motorists coverage.
{¶ 6} The employer denied liability and moved for summary judgment. The employer reasoned that it was in compliance with R.C. 4123.74 and is therefore
{¶ 7} In opposition, plaintiff pointed out that in case No. 470242, the employer denied that plaintiff was in the course and scope of his employment at the time of his fall. Plaintiff argued that it is unfair to permit the employer to invoke workers’ compensation immunity for injuries that it claims were outside the workers’ compensation statute. Additionally, plaintiff argued that he was diabetic, needed to eat at certain times of the day, and needed to take insulin at noon. He complained that he was given only an abbreviated lunch break at noon. By 2:80 p.m., plaintiff felt ill. While Fiotti and Russe were in the restaurant, plaintiff became unresponsive. He asserted that he fell from the vehicle after Fiotti and Russe returned to the vehicle and left the doors open. In addition, plaintiff presented an affidavit from his physician stating that the seizure was a direct result of performing strenuous physical work in a warm environment.
{¶ 8} The trial court granted the employer’s motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff now appeals and assigns two errors for our review.
{¶ 9} Plaintiffs first assignment of error states:
The trial judge erred, as a matter of law, by granting summary judgment without mentioning or properly resolving plaintiff-appellant’s negligence claim.
{¶ 10} Within this assignment of error, plaintiff asserts that statutory immunity should not be available to the employer because the employer insists in case No. 470242 that plaintiff was not in the course and scope of his employment at the time he sustained his injuries. Plaintiff claims that it is unfair and logically inconsistent to allow the workers’ compensation claim to be denied for failure to meet the “course and scope of employment” requirement, while at the same time invoking immunity for the employer because the employee was in the course and scope of employment.
{¶ 11} With regard to the procedural law, we note that appellate review of the granting of summary judgments is de novo.
Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co.
(1996),
Pursuant to Civ.R. 56, summary judgment is appropriate when (1) there is no genuine issue of material fact, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party, said party being entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in his favor. Horton v. Harwick Chem. Corp. (1995),73 Ohio St.3d 679 ,653 N.E.2d 1196 , paragraph three of thesyllabus. The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Dresher v. Burt (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 292-293,662 N.E.2d 264 , 273-274.
Once the moving party satisfies its burden, the nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the party’s pleadings, but the party’s response, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Civ.R. 56(E). Mootispaw v. Eckstein (1996),76 Ohio St.3d 383 , 385,667 N.E.2d 1197 . Doubts must be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party. Murphy v. Reynoldsburg (1992),65 Ohio St.3d 356 , 358-59,604 N.E.2d 138 .
{¶ 12} With regard to the substantive law, we note, as an initial matter, that the Workers’ Compensation Act operates as a balance of mutual compromise between the interests of the employer and the employee, whereby employees relinquish their common-law remedy and accept lower benefit levels coupled with the greater assurance of recovery, and employers give up their common-law defenses and are protected from liability for negligence.
Blankenship v. Cincinnati Milacron Chems., Inc.
(1982),
{¶ 13} Shortly after the Workers’ Compensation Act was adopted, the Supreme Court of Ohio linked employer immunity to compensability. See
Triff v. Natl. Bronze & Aluminum Foundry Co.
(1939),
The right of action of an employee for the negligence of his employer directly resulting in a non-eompensable occupational disease has not been taken away by Section 35, Article II of the Constitution of Ohio, or by Section 1465-70, General Code. (Zajachuck v. Willard Storage Battery Co.,106 Ohio St. 538 [140 N.E. 405 ] and Mobley & Carew Co. v. Lee,129 Ohio St. 69 [1 O.O. 366 ,193 N.E. 745 ], overruled.)
{¶ 14} On May 25, 1939, following the court’s decision in Triff, however, the legislature amended G.C. 1465-70 by emergency measure to provide:
Employers who comply with the provisions of Section 1465-69 shall not be liable to respond in damages at common law or by statute, for any injury, disease or bodily condition, whether such injury, disease or bodily condition is compensable under this act or not, or for any death resulting from such injury, disease or bodily condition, of any employee, wherever occurring, during the period covered by such premium so paid into the state insurance fund, or during the interval of time in which such employer is permitted to pay suchcompensation direct to his injured or the dependents of his killed employees as herein provided.
No action against an employer, who has complied with the provisions of Section 1465-69, to recover damages at common law or by statute for any injury, disease or bodily condition, or death resulting from an injury, disease or bodily condition, of an employee arising out of his employment by such employer shall be commenced after 180 days after the effective date of this act.
(Emphasis added.) See
Bevis v. Armco Steel Corp.
(1951),
{¶ 15} Similar language is found in R.C. 4123.74, which provides:
Employers who comply with section 4123.35 of the Revised Code shall not be liable to respond in damages at common law or by statute for any injury, or occupational disease, or bodily condition, received or contracted by any employee in the course of or arising out of his employment, or for any death resulting from such injury, occupational disease, or bodily condition occurring during the period covered by such premium so paid into the state insurance fund, or during the interval the employer is a self-insuring employer, whether or not such injury, occupational disease, bodily condition, or death is compensable under this chapter.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶ 16} Pursuant to R.C. 4123.35(A), an employer must pay workers’ compensation premiums into the state insurance fund.
{¶ 17} Cases construing R.C. 4123.74 have held that this statute provides to employers immunity from liability to employees so long as the employer was in full compliance with the workers’ compensation statutes at the time of the accident.
Catalano v. Lorain,
{¶ 18} Accordingly, once the Industrial Commission has certified that an employer has established industrial coverage as to that employee and has paid its premium, pursuant to R.C. 4123.35, the employer is a complying employer as a matter of law and is entitled to statutory immunity.
Bridges v. Natl. Eng. & Contracting Co.
(1990),
{¶ 20} The requirements for immunity are set forth in the disjunctive. Accordingly, a complying employer has immunity when either aspect of the statute is satisfied. Cf.
Estate of Raymond v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
(Aug. 23, 2000), Summit App. No. 19701,
{¶ 21} In this regard, employer immunity is distinguishable from coemployee immunity, because a party who is injured as a result of a coemployee’s negligent acts is precluded from pursuing any additional common-law or statutory remedy against that coemployee if the injury is found to be compensable. See
Kaiser v. Stroll
(1983),
{¶ 22} Compensation requires that the injury is both “received
in the course of, and arising out of,
the injured employee’s employment.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 4123.01(C). The requirements for compensation are conjunctive; all elements of “in the course of and arising out of’ the employment must be met before compensation will be allowed.
Fisher v. Mayfield
(1990),
{¶ 23} In
Kaplan,
the court ruled that when the plaintiff had heart disease and experienced angina at work, which rendered him unconscious, he was not entitled to participate in the workers’ compensation fund. Accord
Ray v. Formitex Plastic Fabrications
(May 11, 1976), Franklin App. No. 76AP-3,
{¶ 24} Applying the foregoing, the trial court properly considered the issue of employer immunity with regard to the law as set forth in R.C. 4123.74 and was
{¶ 25} This assignment of error is without merit.
{¶ 26} Plaintiffs second assignment of error states:
The trial judge erred, as a matter of law, by finding that summary judgment was appropriate upon plaintiff-appellant’s workplace intentional tort claim.
{¶ 27} In
Brady v. Safety-Kleen Corp.
(1991),
{¶ 28} In order to maintain an action for an intentional tort against an employer, an employee must demonstrate (1) knowledge by the employer of the existence of a dangerous process, procedure, instrumentality or condition within its business operation; (2) knowledge by the employer that if the employee is subjected by his employer to that dangerous process, procedure, instrumentality or condition, then harm to
the
employee will be a substantial certainty; and (3) that the employer, under these circumstances, and with that knowledge, did act to require the employee to continue to perform the dangerous task.
Fyjfe v. Jeno’s Inc.
(1991),
{¶ 29} With regard to the proof required for intentional-tort claims, Fyffe further stated at paragraph two of the syllabus:
To establish an intentional tort of an employer, proof beyond that required to prove negligence and beyond that to prove recklessness must be established. Where the employer acts despite his knowledge of some risk, his conduct may be negligence. As the probability increases that particular consequences may follow, then the employer’s conduct may be characterized as recklessness. As the probability that the consequences will follow further increases, and the employer knows that injuries to employees are certain or substantially certain to result from the process, procedure or condition and he still proceeds, he is treated by the law as if he had in fact desired to produce the result. However, the mere knowledge and appreciation of a risk — something short of substantial certainty — is not intent.
{¶ 31} In this matter, the record indicates that plaintiff was given an abbreviated lunch break at noon. At this time, he ate lunch and administered his insulin injection. He left with his foreman and another employee. He explained that he felt ill and needed to sit near the window while Russe drove. When they arrived at the restaurant, Russe and Fiotti asked what plaintiff wanted, but he did not respond. Fiotti and Russe ate in the restaurant. When they returned, they observed plaintiff stretched out. They opened the doors of the truck. Plaintiff fell out of the truck and was injured. They called for help.
{¶ 32} From the foregoing, there is no evidence of the existence of a dangerous process, procedure, or condition within the employer’s business operation, and there is no evidence that plaintiff was subjected by his employment to a dangerous process, procedure, instrumentality, or condition.
{¶ 33} Further, there is no evidence that defendant knew that if plaintiff was subjected by his employment to the dangerous process, procedure, or condition, then harm to the employee would be a substantial certainty. Plaintiff contends that his coemployees should have known by watching him that he was having a diabetic seizure and should have known that he would sustain injuries. Such evidence does not rise to the level of “actual knowledge” necessary to find the employer’s conduct intentional as defined by
Fyffe,
{¶ 34} Finally, there is no evidence that defendant required plaintiff to perform any dangerous tasks. In short, the conduct may be considered negligent or even reckless, but not intentional. See
Raines v. Rubbermaid, Inc.
(1996),
{¶ 35} The second assignment of error is without merit.
{¶ 36} The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
. Although H.A.M.'s automobile insurance provider was also named as a defendant, the ruling as to H.A.M. renders the action moot as to the insurer, because plaintiff is not legally entitled to collect or recover under their uninsured-motorist coverage where the alleged tortfeasors were entitled to immunity under the workers’ compensation laws.
Nova v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co.,
Summit App. No. 21885,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in judgment only.
{¶ 37} I respectfully concur in judgment only for the reasons that follow.
A. Negligence Claim
{¶ 38} One of the underlying questions here is whether plaintiffs injuries occurred “in the course of’ or “ar[ose] out of’ employment. 2 The majority opinion observes that for a workers’ compensation claim to be compensable, both of these criteria must be met, but that only one of these two requirements need be satisfied in order for an employer to receive statutory immunity against a negligence claim. The majority opinion, however, never clarifies which of these conditions was satisfied. 3 Because this court has ruled that the employer is immune on this matter, the court should specify that the necessary conditions were met and how.
Standard to Determine Immunity
{¶ 39} Instead of ruling on the criteria it specifies, the majority opinion appears to move to a different standard for determining the employer’s immunity: compliance. Specifically, the majority holds that “[cjases construing R.C. 4123.74 have held this statute provides immunity to employers from liability to employees so long as the employer was in full compliance with the workers’ compensation statutes at the time of the accident.” For the majority, the focus is on the Industrial Commission certifying compliance.
{¶ 40} An employer is not entitled, however, to absolute immunity; for example, an employer is not immune to sexual-harassment complaints.
Kerans v. Porter Paint Co.
(1991),
{¶ 41} Besides the statutory exceptions to employer immunity, the language of R. C. 4123.74 qualifies the immunity that the complying employer is entitled to: the immunity extends to injuries “received or contracted by any employee in the course of or arising out of his employment.”
{¶ 42} In support of its conclusion that defendant is entitled to statutory immunity because it is a complying employer, the majority cites
Bridges v. Natl. Eng. & Contracting Co.,
{¶ 43} The majority also cites
Fuhrman v. Garrison Feist Constr. Co.,
Hamilton App. Nos. C-000063 and C-000080,
{¶ 44} The issue before the appellate court in Fuhrman was whether the trial court properly determined that the worker was not an independent contractor and whether the employer was complying. The court held that “an employer’s failure to include a particular injured employee in a required payroll report does not deprive the employer of its statutory immunity from .a civil action brought by the employee in the absence of a final determination by the commission that the employer is a noncomplying employer who has not settled its liability to the State Insurance Fund.” The issue in Fuhrman was whether the court could conclude that the employer is immune when the employee fails to produce sufficient evidence to rebut the employer’s proof of compliance. The case cannot be extended beyond that principle. Compliance is not at issue in the case at bar. Thus, Fuhrman is not helpful.
{¶ 45} The majority opinion also cites
Catalano v. City of Lorain,
{¶ 46} The majority cites the case of
Kaplan v. Mayfield,
Jefferson App. No. 86-J-25,
{¶ 47} In the case at bar, however, the employee’s doctor stated in an affidavit that the employee’s “hypoglycemia, and therefore the seizure, was a direct result of the strenuous physical work activity Mr. Maynard was performing in a relatively warm environment.” This expert further stated that as a result of this seizure, Maynard suffered a fracture when he fell from the truck onto the
{¶48} Again, I return to my fundamental disagreement with the majority opinion: its failure to explain precisely whether the injury “was received or contracted by the employee in the course of or arising out of his employment.” R.C. 4128.74. 5
{¶ 49} As to whether the employee was in the course of his employment, the record shows that the employee suffered a seizure while sitting in a company truck. He was in that truck because having just left one task for his employer, he was en route to another task assigned by his supervisor. It was his supervisor who decided to stop and eat lunch, an event that the employee did not participate in. The record shows, moreover, that he was on the clock.
{¶ 50} Second, as to a causal connection between his injury and his employment, the record shows that a doctor’s affidavit stated that the employee’s “hypoglycemia, and therefore the seizure, was a direct result of the strenuous physical work activity Mr. Maynard was performing in a relatively warm environment.” This expert further stated that as a result of this seizure, Maynard suffered a fracture when he fell from the truck onto the pavement. And he fell from the truck as a result of a coemployee opening the truck door.
{¶ 51} We should address this evidence. I would hold that the record before this court demonstrates sufficient evidence to grant a motion for summary judgment for the employer’s immunity based on the employee’s injury being received and contracted by the employee in the course of and arising out of his employment.
B. Intentional-Tort Claim
{¶ 52} As to the intentional-tort claim, I agree that there is not a sufficient basis to allow this issue to go to a jury. However, I would add that ignoring the explicit instruction in the company manual to call for emergency help immediately upon observing a worker with altered consciousness is significant. It compromises any of the foreman’s actions that might be imputed to the employer.
{¶ 53} For the above reasons, I concur in judgment only.
. The statute granting immunity actually says "received or contracted by any employee in the course of or arising out of his employment." R.C. 4123.74.
. Nor did the common pleas court address this point.
. For a more subtle discussion of immunity, see Wasil, Mastrangelo, and DeRose, Ohio Workers’ Compensation Law (2004).
. I also note that similar findings would have been necessary in the workers’ compensation claim and, thus, the workers' compensation appeal should have been consolidated with the case at bar to ensure that no contradictory findings occurred.