Lead Opinion
At thе threshold of this discussion it should be noted that this court is not permitted to concern itself with the wisdom of the questioned ordinance. The problem confronting this court is one solely of legislative power and not in any s'ense one of рolicy.
As a preliminary procedural question it is claimed by the defendants that the plaintiff as a taxpayer lacks the necessary capacity to maintain this action. Under the provisions of the ordinance the Deрartment of Safety is authorized to establish, equip and operate one or more testing stations. Since no fees for in *466 spection of vehicles will he received until a station is established the initial expenditure for its ereсtion necessarily would come from the general funds of the city. If the ordinance is invalid the expenditure for such a station would be improper and constitute a misapplication. Consequently this court is of the opinion that аs a taxpayer the plaintiff possesses the necessary capacity to maintain this action.
The plaintiff contends that the ordinance is unreasonable and discriminatory on the theory that it is the driver and not the condition of a particular vehicle that causes an accident. The answer to this is that accidents may be caused by either or both of these elements. A competent driver with a mechanically defective vehicle mаy constitute as much of a traffic hazard as a careless driver with a vehicle that is in excellent mechanical condition. This court experiences' no difficulty in concluding that the mechanical condition of a motоr vehicle is an important factor in the safety of its operation upon the highway. In this respect the ordinance is neither unreasonable nor discriminatory.
A further complaint of the plaintiff is that the ordinance operates as a restriction upon both intrastate and interstate commerce, since it affects everyone who operates a motor vehicle upon the streets of Cincinnati. In other words it is contended that the ordinance cannot be considered proper local legislation since it operates extra-territorially upon nonresidents as well as upon residents. However, it must be remembered that the ordinance affects only those who оperate motor vehicles within the limits of the city of Cincinnati. Furthermore, it is’ not suggested that there is any discrimination against a nonresident. On the contrary the operation of a motor vehicle by either a resident or nonresident is not made unlawful until after a defect has been discovered and the operator has failed to correct it within a period of twenty-four hours. Then *467 too, the ordinance provides that “this section shall not apply to a vehicle bearing an unexpired inspection certificate or seal issued by any other public authority of competent jurisdiction.” Thus it is apparent that there is no unreasonable interference with interstate or intrastatе commerce, and that under its charter the city simply has exercised the “powers of local self-government” conferred by Section 3 of Article XVIII of the Constitution of Ohio wherein-municipalities are authorized, “to.adoрt and enforce within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in conflict with general laws.”
The plaintiff’s next contention is that the ordinance conflicts with the state statutes licensing the operation of motor vehicles. It is his theory that “upon proper registration, a franchise is issued by the state to the owner of a motor vehicle licensing his' car to be driven over all roads in Ohio” including those within municipalities. The difficulty with this рosition is the fact that the state and the city of Cincinnati have here legislated upon different subjects; hence there is no conflict. The fifty cents exacted by the ordinance is plainly a mere inspection fee and nоt a tax, inasmuch as' its manifest purpose is simply to meet the expense of issuance; but on the other hand, as has been held frequently by this court, the registration fee exacted by the state statute is an excise.
Saviers
v.
Smith, Secy. of State,
The plaintiff further complains that the ordinance *469 is invalid because it provides' that tbe fees realized shall be used for tbe purpose of meeting tbe expense of tbe inspection instead of being paid into tbe general fund. Tbe answer to tbis is that, as already observed, tbe fifty cents is an inspection fee and not a tax.
Likewise tbe plaintiff contends that tbe Legislature bas conferred upon tbe Public Utilities Commission special authority over public conveyances, and that tbis constitutes an implied limitation upon tbe power of municipalities to regulate tbe use of their streets by motor vehicles generally. Howevеr, a study of these statutes discloses no basis for such an inference.
Consistent with tbe foregoing views sustaining tbe validity of tbe questioned ordinance, tbis court is of tbe opinion that tbe lower courts were correct in sustaining tbe demurrer to tbе plaintiff’s petition. Therefore tbe judgment of tbe Court of Appeals is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring. Tbis matter is of tbe greatest importance to all municipalities and tbe state of Ohiо. Since a syllabus setting forth a succinct legal statement bas not been presented, I feel it is my duty to briefly set forth my reasons for concurrence.
I agree with tbe underlying principle that tbe city of Cincinnati bas adopted an inspection ordinance providing for a fee commensurate with tbe cost of inspection, and that since tbe state of Ohio bas not preempted tbis field, tbis ordinance is valid.
Section 6291, General Code, imposes not. only a tax, but a license which is more than “an incidental detail or means of facilitating tbe collection of tbe tax.” Tbe history of tbis legislation will show that originally a bare license fee was charged, and that subsequently an *470 excise tax, in addition, was imposed for the purpose of maintaining and repairing the roads and highways. See Saviers v. Smith, Secy. of State, supra, at page 142. The fees collected by the state are therefore properly designated by the Legislature as annual licеnse taxes. .
This license to operate over the highways is not an unconditional and unqualified one. An automobile may be operated only by one having a driver’s license obtained under Section 6296-4, General Code. The Legislature has likewise provided that the.law is violated if an automobile is mechanically defective in certain respects. See Sections 12614 and 12614-3, General Code.
In order to be assured that the laws pertaining to mechanical equipment are observed, the Legislature is not limited in the exercise of its police power to the punishment of infractions of the law, but has the right to require periodical inspections of vehicles. This power of insрection coupled with the charging of a fee for the service has long been an attribute of the police power. See
Cincinnati Gaslight & Coke Co.
v.
State,
The state, for example, has a right not only to license a barber but may enforce its sanitary rules as to his shop by periodical inspection. So in this case the state may license a motor vehicle and at the same time require the vehicle to be in mechanical condition to’ operate. This can be done only by an inspection law.
Since the state has not legislated on the subject, a municipality has the right to adopt an inspection ordinance under its power to regulate the use of the streets. See
Prudential Co-Operative Realty Co.
v.
City of Youngstown,
This power of a municipality to regulate the use of
*471
vehiclеs upon the streets is' granted not only by Article XVIII, Section 3, of the Ohio Constitution, but it has been expressly conferred by statutory enactment since an amendment in 1902. Section 3632, General Code (96 Ohio Laws, 23). See
Firestone
v.
City of Cambridge,
The state having the right, in the exercise of its police power, may legislate against defective automobiles on the highway as well as’ defective drivers. To do so it may require, as a condition to the effective use of a license, that there be periodical inspections. The state not having legislated, and the municipality having acted, such action is not in conflict with any statutory or constitutional provision.
While the appellant claims the ordinance may be a burden upon interstate commerce, as a taxpayer he cannot raise such question. All he can present is whether a municipality may expend public funds for inspection stations, and it is heré so determined. Whether the ordinance operates on a few more or few less people is not a pertinent inquiry. However, since a bare fee for a service is. charged, it can well be doubted that such could be a burden on interstate commerce. See
South Carolina State Highway Department
v.
Barnwell Bros.,
301 U. S., —,
It is sufficient for the purpose of this action to hold that the inspection ordinance is not invalid so far as residents of the city of Cincinnati are concerned, and that funds may be expended to erect testing stations so long as the state does not legislate on the same matter.