May v. Williams

61 Miss. 125 | Miss. | 1883

Coopek, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

It was not error for the court below to permit an amendment to be made of the affidavit on which the writ of seizure was issued. Louisa Williams and her infant sisters were jointly interested under the contract with Mrs. May in the fruits of their labor. In the original affidavit Louisa Williams had demanded in her own name the interest of all the laborer^ in the crop, and the amendment was necessary to bring before the court all the joint-owners of the claim propounded. A suit to enforce a laborer’s lien is, under the Code of 1880, c. 52, a proceeding partly in rem and partly in personam. A general judgment is rendered in personam for the amount found due, and the property seized is condemned to be sold for its satisfaction. It is the amount demanded and not the value of the property seized which determines the jurisdiction of the court. Code 1880, § 1365. In suits of this character the question of costs is left to the discretion of the presiding judge, and costs should be awarded in each case against that party by whom, in view of all the circumstances, it is equitable they should be borne. Code 1880, § 1369.

On the trial the defendant proposed to prove that in the spring of the year in which the croj) sued for was planted, the husband of the plaintiff, Louisa Williams, was incarcerated in the jail of Noxubee County on the charge of grand larceny,'and that Louisa Williams applied to her, the defendant, to become surety on his bail-bond, and verbally agreed that if the defendant would become so bound the interest in the crop to be raised which belonged to Louisa and to her iufant sisters should remain in the hands of the defendant to indemnify her against the default of the husband; that in consideration of such agreement the defendant became surety as requested; that Williams, the accused, had absconded, and that a judgment nisi had been rendered against the defendant for the sum of two hundred dollars upon the forfeited bond. Upon the objection of the plaintiffs the evidence was excluded by the court as being a parol promise to answer for the “ debt or default or miscarriage of another,” and, therefore, unenforceable under the Statute of Frauds.

There is great conflict of authority upon the question whether a parol promise to indemnify one who becomes surety for another at the request of the promisor is within that clause of the Statute of Frauds which declares that “ no action shall be brought whereby to charge the defendant upon any special promise to answer for the debt or default or miscarriage of another person, unless the promise or agreement upon which such action shall be brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, shall be in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or some other person by him or her thereunto lawfully authorized.” In England the courts have vacillated upon the question, and the courts of this country have, to a considerable extent, taken position with that view which at the time of the several decisions, prevailed in England. In Thomas v. Cook, 8 B. & C. 728, a promise to indemnify was held not to be within the statute. In Green v. Cresswell, 10 Ad. & E. 453, the contrary view was announced. In Cripps v. Hartnoll, 4 B. & S. 414, the distinction was drawn between those cases in which the promisee was surety upon a bond by which the principal was bound to answer a criminal charge and those in which the bond was given in a civil cause, the court saying that there was no implied contract on the part of a principal who was bound over to answer a criminal charge to indemnify his surety, and, therefore, that the promise of the promisee did not come in aid of that of another person, for which reason it was decided that the promise in that case was not obnoxious to the statute. In Wildes v. Dudlow, L. R. 19 Eq. 198, Vice Chancellor Malins treated the case of Green v. Cresswell, as virtually overruled by Cripps v. Hartnoll, and in Reader v. Kingham, 13 C. B. n. s. 344, it was held that a promise to be within the statute must be made to the promisee to pay a debt due by another to him. It may, therefore, be considered that in England Green v. Cresswell has been overruled, and the doctrine of Thomas v. Cook re-established.

In this country the States of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Georgia, Kentucky, Iowa, Indiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Vermont, and Connecticut have followed the authority of Thomas v. Cook, while South Carolina, North Carolina, Missouri, Alabama, and Ohio have adhered to the rule announced in Green v. Cresswell. See authorities cited in Browne on the Statute of Frauds, §§ 161-161 c.; Anderson v. Spence, 72 Ind. 315. In this conflict of American authority, produced in no inconsiderable degree by the inconstancy of the English courts, the weight in numbers is in favor of the rule that such promises are not within the statute; but an examination of the cases holding this view discloses equally as great conflict among themselves as to the principle upon which the decisions are rested. In Cripps v. Hartnoll a promise to indemnify was held not to be within the statute, because the bond was given in a criminal proceeding, and in such cases, it was said, there is no contract on the part of the person bailed to indemnify the surety. In Holmes v. Knights, 10 N. H. 175, it ivas suggested that the principal would not be bond to indemnify the surety unless he had requested him to become bound; but, passing this question by,,the decision was put upon the ground that the obligation of the principal, if it existed at all, was an implied one, and its existence would not prevent the surety from proceeding against the parol promisoi, who was bound by express agreement, the court saying that if either was to be deemed collateral, the liability of the principal, in such a case, would seem to be collateral to that of the defendant. In Reader v. Kingham, 13 C. B. n. s. 344; Wildes v. Ludlow, L. R. 19 Eq. 198; Aldrich v. Ames, 9 Gray 76, and Anderson v. Spence, 72 Ind. 315, and many other cases, the promise is held not to be within the statute, because it is said not to be made to the creditor, but to one who is debtor, while in Dunn v. West, 5 B. Mon. 376, and Lucas v. Chamberlain, 8 B. Mon. 276, the promise was held to be enforceable, because the implied obligation of the principal to indemnify his surety is said to arise from a subsequent fact, to wit: tiro payment of the debt by the surety. Upon some one or the other of these principles the cases holding this view which are most approved by the text-writers are based, though there are others in which other reasons are given, as in Read v. Nash, 1 Wils. 305; D'Wolf v. Rabaud, 1 Peters 476; Emerson v. Slater, 22 How. (U. S.) 28.

Notwithstanding the number of cases in which these views are announced, we are satisfied, upon an examination of the subject, to take our stand with those courts which hold such promises to be within the statute and unenforceable, unless evidenced by writing. We do not assent to the proposition that a principal in a bail-bond is not under an implied contract to indemnify his surety. He knows that the law requires some one to be bound for his appearance as a condition to his discharge from custody; he executes the instrument by which the surety is bound, and by the bond he becomes bound as principal to that surety. By executing the bond and accepting the benefits which flow from, he assumes all the duties and obligations which spring out of, his engagement, whether due to the State or to his surety. Why should a different rule be applied where one is bound to appear to answer a criminal charge than would be applicable if the thing to be done was the performance of physical labor, the proper administration of an estate, or the doing of any other act by the principal ? Where the engagement is made with the knowledge and consent of the principal debtor, there is in point of law an implied request from the latter to the surety to intervene in the principal’s behalf if the latter makes default, and money paid by the surety for the purpose of discharging the claim against the principal is money paid for the use of the principal at his request, which may be recovered from the latter. Exall v. Patridge, 8 T. R. 308.

It cannot be said that the promise to indemnify the surety is made to him as debtor and not as creditor. It is true that both the principal and surety are bound to the fourth person", the State; but the contract of the promisor is not to discharge that obligation. He assumes no duty or debt to the State, nor does he agree with the promisee to pay to the State the debt which may become due to it if default shall be made by the principal in the bond. It is only when the promisee has changed his relationship of debtor to the State and assumed that of creditor to his principal by paying to the State the penalty for which both he and his principal were bound that a right arises to go against the guarantor on his contract. It is to one who is under a conditional and contingent liability that the promise is made; but it is to him as creditor, and not as debtor, that a right of action arises on it. Nor do we think it sufficient to take the case from the operation of the statute that the liability of the principal arises by implication rather than by express contract. The statute makes no distinction between a debt due on an implied and one due by express contract. It is the existence of the debt against the principal, and not the manner iS which it originates, that makes voidable a parol promise by another'to become responsible for its payment. Nor are we able to perceive that the contract of the promisee is anterior to that of the principal in the bond: Until the surety assumes responsibility by executing the bond, the agreement of the promisor to indemnify is only a proposition which may be withdrawn by him or declined by the promisee. It is only when the proposition is acted on by the promisee that the contract becomes absolute; but at the very instant that it thus becomes a contract, there also springs up an implied contract of the principal to do and perform the same act, viz.: to indemnify the surety against loss. It arises at the same moment, exists to the same extent, is supported by the same consideration, broken at the same instant, and is discharged by the same act, whether it be done by the principal in the bond or by the promisee in the contract to indemnify. It is the debt of the principal, and, .being his debt, no third person can be bound for its payment unless the contract be evidenced by writing. This, we think, is the fair import of the statute and it ought not to be refined or frittered away.

Judgment affirmed.