MEMORANDUM OPINION
THIS MATTER comes before the Court on the Plaintiffs’ [sic] Motion to Remand, filed July 13, 2012 (Doc. 12)(“Motion to Remand”). The Court held a hearing on November 21, 2012. The primary issues are: (i) whether Defendant James Reese waived his right to removal by filing a motion to dismiss in state court; (ii) whether effective removal requires an affirmative explanation for Defendant William Marion’s absence in the Notice of Removal to the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico, filed June 22, 2012 (Doc. l)(“Notice of Removal”); and (iii) whether the Defendants’ failure to provide the Court with a copy of Plaintiff Jennifer May’s Response to Defendant James Reese’s Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, to Transfer Venue from Santa Fe County to Cibola County,
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
May and James Reese were married on December 22, 1990, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and had three children during their marriage. See Complaint for Damages Caused by the Deprivation of Civil Rights and Other Tortious Conduct ¶¶ 14-15, at 5, filed April 17, 2012 in state court, filed in federal court on June 22, 2012 (Doc. l-2)(“Complaint”). May alleges that she was the victim of J. Reese’s ongoing physical, emotional and verbal abuse. See Complaint ¶ 16, at 2. May and James Reese were living in Hawaii during 2005. See Complaint at 6 n. 1. On February 23, 2005, a Hawaii Court entered an Order of Protection against J. Reese on May’s behalf. See Complaint ¶ 17, at 5-6. The Order of Protection prohibits J. Reese “from possessing, controlling, or transferring ownership of any firearm, ammunition, firearm permit or license for the duration of this Order or extension thereof.” Complaint ¶ 17, at 6. This Order was amended on March 17, 2005, to reflect that it will expire on March 17, 2055, fifty years after its entry. See Complaint ¶ 17, at 6.
May and J. Reese divorced on May 11, 2005 in Hawaii. See Complaint ¶ 18, at 6. The divorce decree ordered that J. Reese pay $50.00 per child per month (or $150.00 per month in total for their three children) in child support, which is the statutory minimum for someone who is unemployed. See Complaint ¶ 19, at 6. Approximately one year after the divorce, May began child support modification proceedings, because she believed the payment should be higher when J. Reese began working for his father’s Uranium mining company. See Complaint ¶ 20, at 6.
On March 19, 2010, May filed a motion for enforcement for child support in arrears in the amount of $3,245.40 — the amount determined by the State of Hawaii based on J. Reese’s monthly obligations and missed payments. See Complaint ¶ 22, at 7. This motion and Hawaii’s month-by-month transaction summary were served on J. Reese via certified mail by the State of New Mexico, Child Support Enforcement Division. See Complaint ¶ 23, at 7. Page four of the five-page transaction summary, however, was not sent to J. Reese, although the New Mexico State District Court received the complete file. See Complaint ¶ 24, at 7. The missing page contained month-by-month payment figures. See Complaint ¶24, at 7. J. Reese had access to the State of Hawaii’s child support payment history that May possessed. See Complaint ¶ 25, at 7-8.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
May filed her case in the First Judicial District Court for the State of New Mexico, County of Santa Fe, New Mexico, on April 17, 2012. See May v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs for Cibola Cnty., Case No. D-101-CV-2012-01079. May alleges that Marion and Faught-Hollar deprived her of her rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution when they “recklessly misrepresented the truth and/or forwarded deliberate falsehoods in obtaining a warrant for Plaintiffs arrest without probable cause.” Complaint ¶ 65, at 17. May states that she is a resident of Columbia, Maryland, and resided in Columbia at the time of the underlying incident. See Complaint ¶ 5, at 2. May asserts that the First Judicial District Court has “original concurrent jurisdiction over Plaintiffs federal claims pursuant to Martinez v. California,
On June 22, 2012, O. Reese removed this action to federal court. See Notice of Re
On July 13, 2012, May filed her Motion to Remand, moving the court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), for an order remanding this action to the First Judicial District Court. See Motion to Remand at 1. May asserts:
Defendants have not met and cannot meet their burden of establishing that the requirements for removal have been complied with. because: (1) Defendant James Reese has waived the right to remove or consent to removal by filing a motion to dismiss in state court; which Plaintiff responded to while the case was still pending in that court; (2) Defendants failed to provide said response brief to this Court; and, (3) Defendants’ Notice of Removal ... fails to account for the absence of co-Defendant William Marion’s position on removal.
Motion to Remand at 1. May notes that, after seeking the Defendants’ position on this motion, the Defendants oppose the motion, as “[a]ll defendants either oppose Plaintiffs Motion to Remand or have not responded.” Motion to Remand at 2.
■May points out that, on May 17, 2012, before she had served all of the Defendants, J. Reese filed his Defendant James Reese’s Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, to Transfer Venue from Santa Fe County to Cibola County, filed in federal court on June 22, 2012 (Doc. 3-4)(“J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss”). See Motion to Remand at 1-2. May asserts that “nowhere in his Motion to Dismiss does James Reese mention removal of the case to this Court despite the fact that a federal civil rights claim is alleged against [him].” Motion to Remand at 2. May notes that nowhere in the Notice of Removal “do Defendants mention Defendant William Marion or explain the absence of Defendant Marion’s position.on removal.” Motion to Remand at 3.
May argues that the Defendants bear the burden of establishing their asserted basis for removing this action — that' the Court has original jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a), as the allegations arise under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. See Motion to Remand at 3-4. May asserts that the Defendants must meet this burden given the Tenth Circuit’s direction that “[r]emoval statutes are to be strictly construed, and all doubts are to be resolved against removal.” Motion to Remand at 4 (quoting Fajen v. Found. Reserve Ins. Co.,
The first grounds on which May argues that the Court should remand the case is the Notice of Removal’s failure to “affirmatively explain the absence of Defendant Marion’s position on removal.” Motion to Remand at 5. May notes that the Supreme Court of the United States construes 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a) as requiring all defendants to join a removal petition, but observes:
“[Sjome courts have held that unserved defendants need not join the notice of removal” but “[wjhen fewer than all of the defendants have joined in a removal action, the removing party has the burden under' 28 U.S.C. § 1446 to explain affirmatively the absence of any co-defendants in the notice of removal.”
Motion to Remand at 5 (internal citations omitted)(quoting Bonadeo v. Lujan, No. CIV 08-0812 JB/ACT,
May also argues that, because J. Reese filed a motion to dismiss or "to transfer venue in state court after the case became removable, J. Reese waived his right to remove the cáse to federal court. See Motion to Remand at 7. May asserts that a defendant waives the right to remove a case to a federal court once the defendant has demonstrated “a clear and unequivocal intent to remain in state court,” and that J. Reese “has waived his right to consent to removal by affirmatively filing a Motion to Dismiss in state court that, at the very least, requests that this case be litigated in state court in Cibola County.” Motion to Remand at 7-8 (quoting Zamora v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg.,
May argues that the Defendants failed to1 adhere to the statutory procedure for removal- provided in 28 U.S.C. § 1446(a) when O.. Reese failed to “provide this Court with a copy of Plaintiffs Response to Defendant James Reese’s [state court] Motion to Dismiss.” Motion to Remand at 8. May points out that § 1446(a) requires removing defendants to provide the federal court with “cop[ies]-of all process, pleadings, and orders served upon such defendant or. defendants in such action,” and that the Defendants violated this require
On August 6, 2012, J. Reese and O. Reese filed their Joint Response on Behalf of Defendants Oliver and James Reese in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Remand. See Doc. 22 (“Reeses’- Response”). The Reeses point out that May, in her Motion to Remand, “does not dispute that her complaint raises a federal question and invokes' federal jurisdiction.” Reeses’ Response at 2. They assert that removal of a case to federal court turns on “the timing of removal,” and that “[tjhere is a difference between a defect in removal procedure and a defect affecting subject matter jurisdiction.” Reeses’ Response at 3-4. They assert: “The nature of the defect dictates the power of the federal court to remand the case to state court.” Reeses’ Response at 4 (citing Countryman v. Farmers Ins. Exch.,
First, the doctrine of the “last served rule” provides that each Defendant has its-own right of removal that begins at the time they are served. Therefore, James Reese’s filing of a motion to dismiss has no effect on Oliver Reese’s rights. Second, the filing of a motion to dismiss in state court does not waive a
defendant’s right to remove. A defendant only waives its right to removal by “demonstrating a clear and unequivocal intent to remain in state court.”
Reeses’ Response at 4 (quoting Aranda v. Foamex Int’l,
The Reeses argue that May’s contention that the Court should remand, because of “a minor defect, namely that a response it filed in state court was not sent to this Court by Defendant Oliver Reese with the other removal documents,” is unavailing. Reeses’ Response at 6. They point out that the case upon which May relies to support her contention, Andalusia Enters., Inc. v. Evanston Ins. Co., from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, “was criticized by a district court "in this circuit that reached the opposite
The Reeses assert that, because Marion had not been served, the Notice of Removal did not have to account for him, contending that “[i]t is clear that ‘a defendant who has not been served by the plaintiff in the state action need not join in the notice of removal.’ ” Reeses’ Response at 7 (quoting Pullman Co. v. Jenkins,
On August 7, 2012, Defendants Board of County Commissioners of Cibola County and Cibola County Sheriff Johnny Valdez (collectively “Cibola County Defendants”) filed Cibola County’s Response in Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion to Remand. See Doc. 23 (“Cibola County’s Response”). Ci-bola _ County incorporated and adopted Reeses’ Response by reference. See Cibola County’s Response at 1. The Cibola County Defendants assert that May knew she failed to serve Marion before O. Reese’s thirty-day-right-to-remove period expired. See Cibola County’s Response at 2. Also, after being served with process, Marion .consented to removal within his thirty-day period under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). See Cibola County’s Response at 2. Cibola County states:
[T]he Supreme Court has made clear that under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b), a defendant’s 30-day right to remove begins only upon the-formal service of process; other kinds of actual-notice of a state-court action — such as the receipt of a faxed copy of a file-stamped complaint— do not trigger the commencement of the 30-day period.
Cibola County’s Response at 2 (citing Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc.,
On November 21, 2012, the Court held a hearing on the Motion to Remand. The first issue addressed at the hearing was that the Defendants’ Notice of Removal fails to affirmatively explain the absence of Marion’s position on removal. See Transcript of Hearing at 4:8-11 (taken on November 21, 2012)(Egan)(“Tr.”).
The Court requested, and May provided, the statutory language of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A): “When a civil action is removed solely under section 1441(a), all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to the removal of the action.” See Tr. at 6:17-22 (EganXquoting 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A)). May asserted that, while the statutory language does not expressly state that defendants who are removing the case must explain why other defendants are not providing their consent, it provides ’a justification for allowing the plaintiff to choose the forum. Similarly, because removal is to be strictly construed and because all ambiguities are resolved in favor of remand, courts have also looked to issues of comity and public policy reasons for justifications why plaintiffs should be able to choose the forum, and "the Court should do so here. See Tr. at 6:23-7:5 (Egan). The Court questioned the purpose of a requirement that requires stating that a person has not been served rather than that the person agrees to the notice of removal. See Tr. at 7:11-17 (Court). May answered that the Court can readily determine by the notice of removal if there is an affirmative explanation regarding a defendant’s absence. See Tr. at 8:7-9 (Egan). May also stated that the Honorable C. Leroy Hansen, Senior United States District Judge for the District of New Mexico, in Cordova v. State of New Mexico, 00-CIV-0356, Doc. 12 (D.N.M. June 7, 2000)(J., Hansen), on a motion to remand, discussed this concern of not being able to tell on the face of the notice alone whether one party has consented or not. See Tr. at 8:10-14 (Egan).
May stated that there is , a thirty-day time limit for defendants to file their consent and conceded that Marion had filed his consent by the time of the hearing, but asserted that the other defendants had a duty to explain the absence of Marion. See Tr. at 8:23, 9:11-19 (Egan). May argued that the fact that Marion’s name is in the caption and there are multiple allegations against him would easily put the Defendants on notice that Marion will be a
O. Reese replied to May’s first theory, stating that the notice of removal did not need to account for Marion, because, as May has conceded, he had not been served at the time. See Tr. at 10:23-25 (Garcia). O. Reese also asserted that May’s argument is moot on this point, because Marion timely filed a joinder of removal and joined removal with the rest of the Defendants, creating unanimity. See Tr. at 11:5-8 (Garcia). According to O. Reese, there is nothing in the language of the statute that requires this affirmative statement of which May speaks. See Tr. at 11:10-11 (Garcia). Section 1446 states only that the notice of removal should contain a short and plain statement of the grounds for justifying the removal, and their joint notice of removal contains a short and plain statement of the grounds justifying removal. See Tr. at 11:12-15 (Garcia).
O. Reese also asserted that the Brady v. Lovelace Health Plan and Washington v. Harris decisions support removal; they acknowledge that a defendant who has not yet been served with process is not required to join. See Tr. at 11:17-20 (Garcia). O. Reese pointed out that Brady v. Lovelace Health Plan states: “[A] defendant' who has not yet been served with process is not required to join.”
O. Reese asserted that precedent shows that the' Court has the discretion to continue presiding over this case and deny its remand back to the state court, because Marion had not been served. See Tr. at 13:11-13 (Garcia). The Court questioned whether it had discretion and asked whether, if there has been a defect, and the plaintiff has timely raised that issue, then the Court would have to decide that issue — either to keep the case or remand? See Tr. at 13:14-19 (Court). O. Reese responded that the Court has discretion simply because it is the Defendants’ burden to prove all jurisdictional facts, that they have established a right to removal, that they have established’ that .right by timely removing, and that all Defendants have ■ joined under the last-served rule. See Tr. at 13:21-25 (Garcia).
The Cibola County defendants argued that 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A), the removal statute on which May relies, expressly suggests the contrary of May’s contention when it states that all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to the action’s removal. See Tr. at 14:17-21 (Dickman). According to the Cibola County Defendants, the statute clearly suggests that a defendant who has not been served does not have to join, and that the supposed requirement that the other defendants account for him, which they would have no necessary way of knowing at that point whether he has been served, is unfounded. See Tr. at 14:21-15:1 (Dickman). The Cibola County Defendants also pointed out that there is no controlling precedent on point. See Tr. at 15:22-25 (Dickman). No Tenth Circuit or Supreme Court case has ever held that the petition must account for every defendant unserved for it to be a valid petition.
On this first issue, the Court asked whether some of the case law, by developing this rule, may be straying from the statutory language, and whether strictly construing the removal statutes means that a court should be hostile to removal. See Tr. at 22:3-11 (Court). The Court noted that both the Constitution and Congress have provided that the Court has jurisdiction over these cases. See Tr. at 22:11-13 (Court). The Court stated its belief that a defendant does not need to account for every one of the defendants in the notice of removal if they have not been served to advance the purpose of the unanimity rule or even the requirement that defendants have to show that they have met all the requirements for removal. See Tr. at 22:18-23 (Court). The Court noted that, as the Cibola County Defendants stated, the docket sheet indicates who has been served and who has not; therefore, it is not a mystery that the notice of removal needs to resolve. See Tr. at 22:23-23:2 (Court). The Court stated that it is uncertain what purpose this rule would serve, and it thought that the amendment solved this problem. See Tr. at 23:3-6 (Court). The Court stated it was thus not inclined to remand on this basis. See Tr. at 23:7-8 (Court).
The second issue addressed at the hearing was J. Reese’s waiver of the right to consent by filing his J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss in state court. See Tr. at 23:7-8 (Court). May argued that defendants cannot submit themselves to the state court’s jurisdiction and then consent to removal. See Tr. at 23:22-23 (Egan). May asserted that J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss affirmatively states a desire for the case to be dismissed and that May can re-file in Cibola County state district court, and, alternatively he asks the state court for a change of venue to Cibola County state district court. See Tr. at 24:11-14 (Egan). According to May, that intention states an express desire to remain in Cibola County. See Tr. at 24:14-15 (Egan).
The Court asked what substantive grounds J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss raised. See Tr. at 24:17-18 (Court). May answered that the substantive ground is that venue lies in Cibola County, because none of the acts occurred in Santa Fe County. See Tr. at 24:20-21 (Egan). May argued, however, that, under the NMTA, any claim against a state agency, which May alleges the District Attorney’s Office is, because the New Mexico Constitution refers to it as a state agency, would provide jurisdiction in the Santa Fe First Judicial District. See Tr. at 24:21-25 (Egan).
The Court asked whether there is a waiver after the state judge begins doing things in the case, because J. Reese appears to have asked the state court to decide a state issue — whether to move the case from one county to another. See Tr. at 26:15-21 (Court). The Court noted, however, that the state judge did not do anything in this case. See Tr. at 27:12-13 (Court).
May asserted that J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss affirmatively states that J. Reese has a desire to litigate the case in state court, and any ambiguities whether J. Reese’s conduct evince such a desire should be resolved in favor of removal.
May stated that, in Chavez v. Kincaid, the motion to dismiss combined with interrogatories and other activity in the case was enough to show an intent to remain in state court, and that J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss is indistinguishable, especially when the defendant has a statutory right to removal. See Tr. at 29:10-16 (Egan). The Court asked whether, assuming this motion constitutes a waiver of the right to remove, it necessarily waived the right to consent. See Tr. at 29:20-22 (Court). May argued that J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss constitutes a waiver of right to removal and to consent. ' See Tr. at 29:23 (Egan). May alleged that, once a defendant avails himself or herself of the state court, and shows an intention to remain in state court, he or she cannot have a change of mind, and, because consent of all defendants is required for the rule of unanimity, J. Reese is providing consent after he stated his desire to remain in state court, which is not permitted. See Tr. at 30:17-23 (Egan). The Court stated that it would prejudice every defendant’s ability to remove if one defendant in a multidefendant case did anything in state court. See Tr. at 31:2-5 (Court).
O. Reese replied to May’s second theory, stating that J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss does not affect removal for two reasons. First, because of the last-served rule and the fact the each defendant has its own right of removal, it would be fundamentally unfair for any single defendant filing a motion to dismiss to waive all of the other defendants’ right before they were served. Second, O. Reese intended that the motion was not a motion to change venue or a motion to litigate the case on the merits; rather, it was only a motion to dismiss the case because it was improperly filed. See Tr. at 33:5-13; -34:2-7 (Garcia). Regarding the first reason, the Court stated that the Court is not certain it would be fundamentally unfair given that every defendant has the right to ruin the other defendants’ right to removal by simply denying consent. See Tr. at 33:14-17 (Court).
Regarding the second reason, O. Reese stated that J. Reese did not file an answer, do discovery, and then file a motion to dismiss. See Tr. at 34:13:15 (Garcia). The present case is thus unlike Chavez v. Kincaid, where the defendants had served the plaintiff with discovery requests and filed a motion to dismiss that submitted the merits of the lawsuit to the court, and the court scheduled a hearing in that case; because all of these actions manifested an intent , to remain in state court, there was therefore a waiver. See Tr. at 34:13-20 (Garcia). O. Reese alleges that the Complaint and J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss here is not the same as Chavez v. Kincaid, and filing the motion was not enough to establish an intent to remain in state, court. See Tr. at 34:21-23 (Garcia). O. Reese stated that the transfer of venue was an alternative relief sought in J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss, and that J. Reese was first seeking dismissal. See Tr. at 35:10-11; 36:9-10 (Garcia).
The Cibola County Defendants argued that one of the advantages of the last-served rule is that it requires an unequivocal express position on the removal. See Tr. at 40:25-41:2 (Dickman). Within thirty days after someone removes, everyone must take a position. See Tr. at 41:2-3 (Dickman). According to the Cibola County Defendants, J. Reese’s intent is not ambiguous, because he consented to removal and he was the one who- was last served. See Tr. at 41:9-16 (Dickman).
The Court then stated that it would take this second theory for remand under advisement, and would have to determine whether, if this was not a multi-defendant case, but was a case against only J. Reese, his conduct was enough to waive his right to removal. See Tr. at 45:1-6 (Court). The Court stated that waiver is on a spectrum, and it believes a motion to dismiss or transfer could be a waiver. See Tr. at 45:8-9 (Court). The Court stated that its inclination is that, in the' practicalities of state practice in New Mexico, simply filing a motion to dismiss, to transfer, or for alternative relief is not enough to demonstrate a clear and unequivocal intent to remain in state court. See Tr. at 45:10-14 (Court). Such a motion is more a statement that it should not be in that particular state court, rather than an affirmative statement vis-á-vis the federal court. See Tr. at 45:16-19 (Court). The Court stated that the second issue it would need to decide is whether J. Reese waived his ability to consent, if he waived his right to remove. See Tr. at 45:23-24 (Court). The Court questioned whether, because parties have a one-year limitation to remove,-and because the parties are probably litigating within that year, waiving the right to remove waives the ability to consent. .See Tr. at 46:11-14 (Court).
The final theory for remand addressed at the hearing was the Defendants’ failure to provide the Court a copy of May’s Response to J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss. See Tr. at 47:3-5 (Court). May asserted that this defect ties into the second reason to remand. See Tr. at 47:8-9 (Egan). May asserted that the United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama has stated that courts cannot ignore § 1446(a)’s requirements, and that one of those requirements is that defendants have to attach copies of all process, pleadings, and the like. See Tr. at 48:10-13 (Egan). May contended that the issues coalesce, and none are minor, but, if one is a minor issue, the issues here combined should counsel to remand. See Tr. at 48:16-21 (Egan). May acknowledged that the Court has copies of all of the process, pleadings, and orders at this stage. See Tr. at 49:1 (Egan). According to May, the Honorable Paul Kelly, United States Circuit Judge, in Countryman v. Farmers Ins. Exch,
O. Reese responded that, while a single response was omitted from the initial paperwork, the ease law clearly shows that the fact a single response was omitted does not mandate a remand. See Tr. at 52:8-10 (Garcia). O. Reese asserted that the Tenth Circuit has ruled that leaving out a pleading on the paperwork is de minimis. See Tr. at 52:11-12 (Garcia). O. Reese added that, in other courts, omission of paper has been referred to as a minor defect, but Judge Kelly referred to it as de minimis. See Tr. at 52:12-14 (Garcia). According to O. Reese, it is not something that requires remand. See Tr. at 52:15
According to the Cibola County Defendants, the totality of the removal statute makes it clear that there is not a requirement that all records be filed contemporaneously with the notice of removal. See Tr. at 55:23-56:1 (Dickman). May pointed out that she provided the Court with a copy of May’s Response as an attachment to the Motion to Remand. See Tr. at 58:20 (Egan). The Court read D.N.M. LR-Civ. 81.1, which provides: “A party removing an action under 28 U.S.C. § 1446 must file with the Clerk legible copies of records and proceedings from the state court action within twenty-eight days after filing notice of removal.” Tr. at 59:4-11 (Court). The Court stated that the local rule does not require simultaneous filing — it says twenty-eight days. See Tr. at 95:12-13. May pointed out that the Motion to Remand was filed on July 13, 2012, and the notice of removal was filed on June 22, 2012, which is less than twenty-eight days. See Tr. at 59:17-22 (Egan). The Court stated that it is not inclined to remand the case on this basis, because the Tenth Circuit has given a de minimis standard. See Tr. at 60:22-25 (Court). All documents were before the Court within twenty-eight days, regardless whether the Defendants filed them. See Tr. at 60:25-61:3 (Court). The Court stated it is thus inclined to deny the Motion to Remand. See Tr. at 61:10-11 (Court).
The Court suggested, because it was inclined to deny the Motion to Remand, going ahead with the scheduling order. See Tr. at 61:19-25 (Court). May agreed to a scheduling conference, but did not want to avail herself of federal jurisdiction. See Tr. at 63:21-25 (Egan). The Court suggested, and everyone agreed, that whatever May does will not constitute a waiver. See Tr. at 64:2-9 (Court, Dick-man, Garcia, Egan).
RELEVANT LAW REGARDING REMOVAL
“If a civil action filed in state court satisfies the requirements for original federal jurisdiction, the defendant may invoke 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a) to remove the action to the federal district court ‘embracing. the place where such action is pending.’ ” Thompson v. Intel Corp., No. CIV 12-0620 JB/LFG,
1. The Presumption Against Removal.
Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction; thus, there is a presumption against removal jurisdiction which the defendant seeking removal must overcome. See Laughlin v. Kmart Corp.,
2. Procedural Requirements for Removal.
Section 1446 of Title 28 of the United States Code governs the procedure for removal. “Because removal is entirely a statutory right, the relevant procedures to effect removal must be followed.” Thompson v. Intel Corp.,
Section 1446(a) of Title 28 of the United States Code provides that a party seeking removal of a matter to federal court shall file a notice of removal in the district and division where the state action is pending, “containing a short and plain statement of the grounds for removal, together with a copy of all process, pleadings, and orders served upon such defendant or defendants in such action.” Such notice of removal is proper if filed within thirty-days from the
3. Amendment of the Notice of Removal.
In Caterpillar, Inc. v. Lewis, the Supreme Court of the United States held that a defect in subject-matter jurisdiction cured before entry of judgment did not warrant reversal or remand to state court. See
The Tenth Circuit has allowed defendants to remedy defects in their petition or notice of removal. See Jenkins v. MTGLQ Investors,
There are limits to the defects which may be cured by an amended notice of removal, however, as Professors Charles Allen Wright and Arthur R. Miller explain:
[A]n amendment of the removal notice may seek to accomplish any of several objectives: It may correct an imperfect statement of citizenship, state the previously articulated grounds more fully, or clarify the jurisdictional amount. In most circumstances, however, defendants may not add completely new grounds for removal or furnish missing allegations, even if the court rejects the first-proffered basis of removal, and the court will not, on its own motion, retain jurisdiction on the basis of a ground that is present but that defendants have not relied upon.
14 Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 3733, at 651-659 (4th ed. 2009)(footnotes omitted). Professor Moore has similarly recognized: “[Ajmendment may be permitted after the 30-day period if the amendment corrects defective allegations of jurisdiction, but not to add a new basis for removal jurisdiction.” 16 James W. Moore, Moore’s Federal Practice § 107.30[2][a][iv], at 107-184 (3d ed. 2012). Thus, where diversity jurisdiction is asserted as a basis for removal of an action to federal court, the district court may permit the removing defendant to amend its removal notice, if necessary, to fully allege facts which satisfy the requirements of diversity jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence.
4. Consideration of Post-Removal Evidence.
As the Court explained in Thompson v. Intel Corp., the Tenth Circuit looks to both evidence in the complaint, and submitted after the complaint, in determining whether the criteria necessary for removal are met. See Thompson v. Intel Corp.,
5. Consent to Removal.
“When a civil action is removed solely under section 1441(a), all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to the removal of the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A). The last-served rule provides that each defendant has a right to remove within thirty days of service., See 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(B). Remand is required if all of the defendants fail to consent to the petition for removal within the thirty-day
Courts generally refer to the requirement that all defendants served at the time of filing must join in the notice of removal as the “unanimity ' rule.” McShares, Inc. v. Barry,
The Tenth Circuit has held that a defendant’s consent to removal was not necessary where he had not been served at the time another defendant filed its notice of removal. See Sheldon v. Khanal,
The Court has stated: “[W]hile the federal courts strictly construe the removal statutes and there is a presumption against removal, the Court should not use these rules of construction to manufacture rules that Congress did not require, that are not necessary to enforce the statutes, and are contrary to normal federal practice.” Roybal v. City of Albuquerque, No. CIV 08-0181 JB/LFG,
In Tresco, Inc. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., the plaintiff filed suit against defendants National Union Fire Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (“National Union”) and Continental Casualty Company (“CNA”). See
“[F]ederal courts often rely on the representations of counsel about other parties .... parties frequently submit unopposed motions, stating that the other parties do not oppose. Rarely is there any problem, and if there1 is, a federal court has an abundant reservoir of powers to remedy misrepresentations. Representations by counsel, signed under rule 11, are sufficient to deal with the primary concern animating the judicial creation of restrictions on removal.”
6. Waiver of the Right to Remove.
The right to remove may be waived. See Huffman v. Saul Holdings Ltd. P’ship,
In Zamora v. Wells Fargo Home Mortg., the Court stated that, once a claim for enforcement of a federal right has been made in a state tribunal, a defendant waives his right to removal by demonstrating a clear and unequivocal intent to stay. See
If a defendant could remove a case to federal court after a final and unfavorable determination had been made on the merits of the - case in state court, he would he able to litigate the same case twice.- This situation is precisely what must be avoided in the interests of judicial economy, fairness, convenience, and comity.
ANALYSIS
The Court finds that J. Reese did not waive his removal right by filing a motion to dismiss in state court. Filing a motion to dismiss for improper venue, in one district in state court, is not enough to demonstrate a clear and unequivocal intent to remain in state court. The Court also concludes that effective removal does not require an affirmative explanation for Marion’s absence in the Notice of Removal. Because neither the statute nor the Tenth Circuit require such action, the Defendants need not, to advance the purpose of the unanimity, account for every Defendant in the notice of removal if the Defendant has not yet been served. The Court further concludes that, although the Defendants failed to provide the Court with a copy of May’s Response to J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss, the Court is not required to remand to state court and will not do so. Under the Tenth Circuit’s de minimis standard, the Defendants’ failure to provide the Court with May’s Response to J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss is a de minimis procedural defect that does not require remand to state court. It is curable and was cured when May provided the Court with a copy of May’s Response within twenty-eight days of filing the removal notice. The Court will thus deny May’s Motion to Remand.
I. J. REESE DID NOT WAIVE HIS RIGHT TO CONSENT TO REMOVAL BY FILING J. REESE’S MOTION TO DISMISS IN STATE COURT, BECAUSE THAT CONDUCT IS NOT ENOUGH TO DEMONSTRATE A CLEAR-AND-UNEQUIVOCAL INTENT TO REMAIN INSTATE COURT.
May argues that, because J. Reese filed a motion to dismiss for improp
First, the doctrine of the ‘last served rule’ provides that each Defendant has its own right of removal that begins at the time they are served. Therefore, James Reese’s filing of a motion to dismiss has no effect on Oliver Reese’s rights. Second, the filing of a motion to dismiss in state court does not waive a defendant’s right to remove. A defendant only waives its right to removal by “demonstrating a clear and unequivocal intent to remain in state court.”
Reeses’ Response at 4 (quoting Aranda v. Foamex Int’l,
The right to remove may be waived. See Huffman v. Saul Holdings Ltd. P’ship,
In Chavez v. Kincaid, the Honorable Santiago E. Campos, then-Senior United States District Judge for the District of New Mexico, found waiver of right to remove when the defendants served discovery requests, made a motion to dismiss, and the state court, pursuant to the defendants’ request, scheduled a hearing on the motion after it should have ascertained its removal right, but before it filed its notice of removal. See
In Stark-Romero v. National R.R. Passenger Co.,
It should take at least as much, if not more, action in state court to waive the right to consent, as it does to waive the removal right. The Court should be especially reluctant to take away one defendant’s Congressionally-bestowed right to remove because of another defendant’s actions. A defendant may not itself want to remove, but does not mind consenting to another defendant’s request to remove. Defendants often cooperate. The defendant was not barred from consenting to removal in Akin v. Ashland Chem. Co. when it had previously filed motion for summary judgment in state court. J. Reese is not barred from consenting to removal here when he had previously filed a motion to dismiss in state court. Unlike Chavez v. Kincaid, where the defendants had served the plaintiff with discovery requests and filed a motion to dismiss which submitted the merits of the lawsuit before the Court, and the Court scheduled a hearing in that case, here, J. Reese filed a motion to dismiss only. The totality of the defendants’ actions in Chavez v. Kincaid manifested an intent to remain in state court, and there was thus a waiver. The motion to dismiss here is not analogous to the motion in Chavez v. Kincaid, because J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss does not submit the merits of the case to the state court, but only points out that the venue is not proper. Filing J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss was not enough to demonstrate the required clear-and-unequivocal intent to remain in state court. J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss was seeking dismissal, with alternative relief of a transfer of venue. This motion is more of a statement that the case should not be in that particular state judicial district, rather than a clear- and-equivocal intent to remain in state court rather than federal court. The defendants did not waive their right to remove the case to federal court by litigating in state court in Stark-Romero v. National R.R. Passenger Co., where they filed an exhibit list in. state court after the action became removable. Although the case was removable at the time, J. Reese similarly did not waive his right to consent to removal. The Court, therefore, concludes that J. Reese did not waive his right to consent to removal. ■
II. THE DEFENDANTS’ FAILURE TO AFFIRMATIVELY EXPLAIN MARION’S ABSENCE IN THE NOTICE OF REMOVAL DOES NOT REQUIRE REMAND.
May argues that the Court should remand the case to state court, because the Defendants’ Notice of Removal fails to account for the absence of Marion’s position on' removal. May contends that, regardless whether Marion had been served at the time O. Reese filed his Notice of Removal, failing to affirmatively account for his absence in the Notice to Remand was a defect, and “such a defect is not minor and requires that the case be remanded.” Motion to Remand at 7. The Reeses assert that, because he had not been served, the Notice of Removal did not have to account for Marion, contending that “[i]t is clear that ‘a defendant who has not been served by the plaintiff in the state action need not join in the notice of removal.’ ” Reeses’ Response at 7 (quoting Pullman Co. v. Jenkins,
“When a civil action is removed solely under section 1441(a), all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to the removal of the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A)'. The last-served rule provides that each defendant has a right to remove within thirty days of service. See 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(B). Remand is required if all of the defendants fail to consent to the petition for removal within the thirty-day period. Bonadeo v. Lujan,
In Tresco, Inc. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., the Court denied the motion to remand, holding that neither the statute nor the Tenth Circuit requires a separate consent for each defendant. See
“[Fjederal courts often rely on the representations of counsel about other parties .... parties frequently submit unopposed motions, stating that the other parties do not oppose. Rárely is there ‘ any problem, and if there is, a federal’ court has an abundant reservoir of powers to remedy misrepresentations. Representations by counsel, signed under rule 11, are sufficient to deal with the primary concern animating the judicial creation of restrictions on removal.”
Just as the Court would not manufacture rules that Congress did not require in Tresco, Inc. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., the Court will also not do so here. In Tresco, Inc. v. Cont’l Cas. Co., removal did not require a defendant who did not file the notice of removal to indicate his consent to removal by signing the notice of removal or by filing a separate document indicating his consent, because requiring a separate notice of consent to removal would be a judicially imposed “special requirement” that Congress had not mandated.
Notably, May does not cite any Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit authority that the notice of removal is strictly construed; the statute is strictly construed and not the notice. The Tenth Circuit has reasoned that disallowing amendments to the notice of removal, even after the thirty-day removal window has expired, when the defendant made simple errors in its jurisdictional allegations, “would be too grudging with reference to the controlling statute, too prone to equate imperfect allegations of jurisdiction with the total absence of jurisdictional foundations, and would tend unduly to exalt form over substance and legal flaw-picking over the orderly disposition of cases properly committed to federal courts.” Hendrix v. New Amsterdam Cas. Co.,
May argues that the Court should be able to look at one document and determine the status of all defendants. While that requirement may sound good in the abstract, such a rule does not take into account that the Court is not reading documents in real time when they are filed. The Court is not going to review a notice of removal in most cases unless the plaintiff files a motion to remand and there is a dispute about the adequacy of the notice. The plaintiff already knows who it has served and not served, so to require the defendants to account for every defendant in the notice of removal would benefit no one. The plaintiff already knows whom it
In conclusion, removal does not require an affirmative explanation for the absence of Marion in the Notice of Removal. Marion had not been served at the time of the Notice of Removal, and he consented to removal within thirty days of being served, fulfilling the statutory requirement. He still consents to removal. There should be no additional requirements where Congress has not included them. Accordingly, the Court will deny May’s motion to remand.
III. THE DEFENDANTS’ INITIAL FAILURE TO PROVIDE THE COURT WITH A COPY OF MAY’S RESPONSE TO J. REESE’S MOTION TO DISMISS DOES NOT REQUIRE REMAND TO STATE COURT.
May initially argued that the Defendants’ failure to provide the Court with a copy of May’s Response to J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss required remand. O. Reese responded that the case law clearly shows that, failure to attach a single response to the initial paperwork does not mandate a remand in this case. See Tr. at 52:8-10 (Garcia). According to the Cibola County Defendants, the totality of the removal clearly establishes that there is no requirement that all records be filed with the Court contemporaneously with the removal notice. See Tr. at 55:23-56:1 (Dick-man). The Court concludes that, in light of the Tenth Circuit’s de minimis standard, the Defendants’ failure to providé the Court with a copy of May’s Response to J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss does not require remand to state court, because all documents are currently before the Court.
The D.N.M.LR-Civ. 81.1 provides: “A party removing an action under 28 U.S.C. § 1446 must file with the Clerk legible copies of records and proceedings from the state court action within twenty-eight (28) days after filing notice of removal.” D.N.M.LR-Civ. 81.1. In Caterpillar, Inc. v. Lewis, the Supreme Court held that a defect in subject-matter jurisdiction cured before entry of judgment did not warrant reversal or remand to state court. See
Defendants’ failure to attach a co-Defendant’s summons to the joint notice of removal constituted a de minimis procedural defect that did not necessitate remand of the case to state court. We further hold that this de minimis procedural defect was curable, either beforeor after expiration of the thirty-day removal period.
Countryman v. Farmers Ins. Exch.,
May provided the Court with a copy of May’s Response as an attachment to the Motion to Remand. See Tr. at 58:20 (Egan). D.N.M.LR-Civ. 81.1 states: “A party removing an action under 28 U.S.C. § 1446 must file with the Clerk legible copies of records and proceedings from the state court action within twenty-eight (28) days after filing notice of removal.” D.N.M.LR-Civ. 81.1. The rule does not require filing simultaneously; the rule says file within twenty-eight days of filing the notice of removal. See D.N.M.LR-Civ. 81.1. The Motion to Remand was filed on July 13, 2012 and the notice of removal was filed on June 22, 2012, which is less than twenty-eight days. See Tr. at 59:17-22 (Egan). Under the Tenth Circuit’s de minimis standard, the Tenth Circuit in Countryman v. Farmers Ins. Exch. held that failure to attach a summons to the notice of removal was de minimis. The Defendants’ failure to provide the Court with May’s response to J. Reese’s Motion to Dismiss is a de minimis procedural defect that does not require remand to state court. It is “curable”, and May cured it by providing the Court with a copy of May’s Response within twenty-eight days. While the Defendants did not supply the document, all necessary documents for removal were before the Court within twenty-eight days, regardless whether the Defendants filed them. The Court will thus deny the Motion to Remand.
IT IS ORDERED that the Plaintiffs’ [sic] Motion to Remand, filed July 13, 2012 (Doc. 12), is denied.
. On March 29, 2013, the Court issued an Order in which it denied: (i) the Defendant Board of County Commissioners of Cibola County’s Motion to Dismiss Count VI of Complaint as Against Defendant Cibola County, filed July 2, 2012 (Doc. 10); (ii) the Plaintiffs' [sic] Motion to Remand, filed July 13, 2012 (Doc. 12)("Motion to Remand"); and (iii) Defendant William Marion’s Motion to Dismiss Count VI of Complaint, filed July 18, 2012 (Doc. 19). The Court stated: "The Court will ... at a later date issue an opinion more fully detailing its rationale for this decision.” Doc. 53 at 2 n. 1. This Memorandum Opinion is the promised opinion for the Motion to Remand.
. The Court’s citations to the transcript of the hearing refer to the court's reporter’s original unedited version. Any final transcript may contain slightly different page and/or line numbers.
. Okla. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. JSSJ Corp. is an unpublished opinion, but the Court can rely on an unpublished opinion to the extent its reasoned analysis is persuasive in the case before it. See 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A), 28 U.S.C. (“Unpublished opinions are not precedential, but may be cited for their persuasive value.’’). The Tenth Circuit has stated: "In this circuit, unpublished orders are not binding precedent, ... and ... citation to unpublished opinions is not favored.... However, if an unpublished opinion ... has persuasive value with respect to a material issue in a- case and would assist the court in its disposition, we allow a citation to that decision.” United States v. Austin,
. The Court has found that the language in McPhail v. Deere & Co., to some extent, conflicts with older Tenth Circuit decisions, but nevertheless defines the scope of evidence a district court may consider when determining its jurisdiction over a matter removed from state court: . .
McPhail v. Deere & Co. appears to conflict with the Tenth Circuit’s previous decisions in Laughlin v. Kmart Corp., and Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp. In Laughlin v. Kmart Corp., th$ Tenth Circuit held that "Kmart’s economic analysis of Laughlin’s claims for damages prepared after the motion for removal and purporting to demonstrate the jurisdictional minimum does not establish the existence of jurisdiction at the time the motion was made.”50 F.3d at 873 . In Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., the Tenth Circuit held that the defendant's summary of the allegations and the requested relief "[did] not provide the requisite facts lacking in the complaint.”251 F.3d at 1291 .
Aranda v. Foamex Int’l,