MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This case stems from the October 30, 1983, death of Icy Maxwell, who, according to the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint, was a Wichita millionairess. Plaintiff claims that the defendants schemed to defraud him of the benefit of one-third of the decedent’s estate, and that as a result of the intentional acts of fraud by defendants, the decedent was induced to sign a will giving sums up to One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000) each to defendants Johnson and Stimpson, to Johnson’s wife, children and stepchildren, and to the Stimpsons’ daughter and grandchildren, none of whom were related to the decedent and most of whom she did not know.
Plaintiff advances claims under three theories: (1) wrongful interference with an inheritance; (2) interference with a prospective business advantage; and (3) mail fraud and wire fraud in violation of the civil damages provision of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act [hereinafter RICO], 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961-1964.
In considering a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be taken as true and all reasonable inferences must be indulged in favor of plaintiff.
Mitchell v. King,
I. Interference With Inheritance
Federal courts have only limited power in matters related to probate. The equity jurisdiction of the federal courts is that conferred by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Section 24(1) of the Judicial Code, and is only as broad as that possessed by the English Court of Chancery in 1789. The Court of Chancery’s equity jurisdiction did not extend to probate matters.
Markham v. Allen,
This court must look to Kansas law to determine this inquiry.
Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., Inc.,
The Kansas Supreme Court addressed intentional interference with an inheritance in
Axe v. Wilson,
In Axe, the plaintiff, the only child of her father, brought several actions against her father’s second wife after her father’s death. One action was to contest the will of her father on grounds of fraud and undue influence of the defendant. Another action was to recover damages from the defendant for her malicious. interference with plaintiff’s alleged right of inheritance in having induced the will by fraud and undue influence. The Kansas Supreme Court was directly confronted with the issue of whether Kansas recognized the tort of intentional interference with an inheritance. After listing the conflicting cases on the question, the court specifically declined to decide the issue. However,the Court went on to hold that, under the circumstances of the case, plaintiffs remedy lay in her action to contest the will and not in an action for damages. The court noted that the action to contest the will had been timely brought and presented the same issues as to fraud and undue influence as those of the damage action and that if the damage action was successful the amount recovered would be simply the value of the property which plaintiff would obtain in case of a successful contest of the will. It seems implicit in the court’s ruling that under other circumstances an action for damages might lie. Distinguishing its case from situations where such an action might be allowed, the Court stated:
It is highly important to bear in mind that the instant action is not one to recover damages in the nature of expenditures or costs, or damages of similar character, occasioned by a successful effort to contest the will. Nor is it an action to recover damages in the nature of costs and expenditures resulting from a successful effort to probate a will which had been spoliated by another, as were allowed in the early case of Taylor v. Bennett,1 O.C.D. 57 . Nor is this an action to recover damages for fraudulent and malicious interference with one’s right of inheritance where the alleged fraud, in the exercise of diligence, is not and could not have been discovered by the heir until it was too late to contest the will. Nor is it an action to recover damages of any character, other than the loss of her alleged part of the corpus of the estate which plaintiff could recover in a successful action to contest the will, which actually might have been suffered by reason of the tortious act.
Id.,
Thus, the Court intimated that the result might have been different had the case been one in which the matters complained of were not and could not have been discovered until too late to permit a contest of the will. However, the Court’s ruling appears clear, considering their substantial reliance upon
Rishel v. McPherson County,
Hinman, supra, at 19-21.
In the case at bar, plaintiff contends that although the state court probate procedure was technically “available,” it certainly was not “adequate.” Plaintiff does not establish why the will contest procedure would have been inadequate. As noted in Hinman, if the plaintiff had challenged the will and succeeded, he could have obtained all the relief he could receive as damages in this case. Id. at 22. Furthermore, the court in Hinman found that under Kansas law, for purposes of determining the adequacy of relief, an award of punitive damages is not considered a valid expectation. Id.
Therefore, this court concludes that plaintiff has not stated a claim upon which relief can be granted with respect to plaintiff’s claim of intentional interference with an inheritance.
II. Interference With A Prospective Business Advantage
In
Professional Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Roussel,
Plaintiff alleges that prior to the death of Icy Maxwell plaintiff had a reasonable business expectation of receiving one-third of Icy Maxwell’s estate; that defendants knew of this expectancy; that defendants intentionally acted to interfere with that expectancy; and that damage was suffered by plaintiff as a result.
While this court is reluctant to allow creative pleading to transform an interference with inheritance claim into an interference with business advantage claim, these defendants have not showed the court any reason not to allow the claim to proceed. The court has before it only the bare pleadings. The court anticipates, discovery will yield evidence of whether any expectancy of plaintiff could be termed a “business expectancy” rather than a personal expectation of an inheritance. But at this point the motion to dismiss must be denied.
III. RICO
Plaintiff seeks recovery under the civil damages provision of RICO, 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), which affords a trebel damage recovery to any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962. RICO was enacted as part of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, and, at least in its criminal provisions, has been interpreted broadly in its efforts to curb those activities which are thought to be associated with organized crime. See
United States v. Turkette,
The defendants have moved to dismiss the civil RICO cause of action, arguing that RICO does not extend to the type of fraud allegations which are before the court in this case. That argument has been buttressed in recent weeks as the Second Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled that private civil actions under RICO may be maintained only after the defendant has been convicted of predicate criminal acts under § 1962.
Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., Inc.,
Sedima, supra,
was one of three cases issued on successive days in which the Second Circuit ruled on matters related to civil RICO. See also
Banker’s Trust Co. v. Rhoades,
The Second Circuit noted that § 1964 is modeled after § 4 of the Clayton Act, which reads: “Any person who shall be injured in his business or property
by reason of anything forbidden
in the antitrust laws may sue;” whereas § 1964(c) reads: “Any person injured in his person or property
by reason of a violation
of § 1962 of this chapter may sue.” (Emphasis added.) The court found the difference instructive, and found the change was made with the specific intent that a “violation” of § 1962 be interpreted as a “conviction” of a predicate act under § 1962. This court finds the reasoning of the Second Circuit to be strained in an attempt to limit the effect of
The Second Circuit also reasoned that the Act is designed to provide new penalties and remedies to combat conduct that explicitly has already been found criminal. In a civil context, the Second Circuit held, there is no way to know whether the conduct is “already criminal,” a problem compounded by the lower standard of proof in civil cases. The Second Circuit inferred that had Congress considered this problem, it would have explicitly required previously established convictions in the context of § 1964(c). Id. This reasoning is unpersuasive. Sedima fashions a limitation which runs completely contrary to the express language of the statute and then imputes an intent upon Congress which is not justified by the legislative history.
The decisions limiting the application of civil RICO to those who have been convicted of predicate acts or those shown to be involved in “organized crime” reflect a well-intentioned attempt to slow the growing burden which civil RICO cases have placed on federal court dockets already laden with backlogs of cases. The language of the statute and the legislative history as understood by this court do not countenance such limitations of civil RICO, however. First, the language of the statute 1 does not support the limitations imposed by the above-cited courts. Second, the legislative history shows that Congress was aware of the broad sweep of the statute when it was enacted. 2
The chief problem with this argument is that Congress was well aware of the range of application authorized by RICO’s capacious statutory language. But Congress was equally adamant that the fight against organized criminal social exploitation not be impeded by an overly narrow definition of actionable conduct____ In short, Congress chose to provide civil remedies for an enormous variety of conduct, balancing the need to redress a broad social ill against the virtues of tight, but possibly overly astringent, legislative draftsmanship. It is not for this court to reassess the balance struck.
Schacht v. Brown,
The Seventh Circuit is not isolated in its holding. The Fifth and Eighth Circuits have also held that plaintiffs under civil RICO need not allege or prove a conviction or link to organized crime. See
Owl Construction Co., Inc. v. Ronald Adams Contractor, Inc.,
Thus, to survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff in a civil RICO action must allege that he can meet the standard of proof as set forth in
Alcorn County, Miss, v. U.S. Interstate Supplies,
Broadly stated, a civil RICO claimant must prove (1) a violation of the substantive RICO statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1962, and (2) an injury to the plaintiff’s “business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962.” 18 U.S.C. § 1964(e). In order to establish a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), the plaintiff must prove:
(1) the existence of an enterprise which affects interstate or foreign commerce; (2) that the defendant [was “employed by” or] “associated with” the enterprise; (3) that the defendant participated in the conduct of the enterprise’s affairs; and (4) that the participation was through a pattern of racketeering activity, i.e., by committing at least two acts of racketeering activity designated in 18 U.S.C.A. § 1961(1).
Id.
at 1167-68,
quoting United States v. Phillips,
For the purposes of this statute, an “enterprise” is “any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.” 18 U.S.C. 1961(4). “Racketeering activity” includes, inter alia, “any act which is indictable under title 18, United States Code ... section 1341 (relating to mail fraud), [and] section 1343 (relating to wire fraud) ...” 18 U.S.C. 1961(1)(B). To be a “pattern of racketeering activity,” there must be “at least two acts of racketeering activity, one of which occurred after [October 15,1970] and the last of which occurred within ten years (excluding any period of imprisonment) after the commission of a prior act of racketeering activity. 18 U.S.C. 1961(5).
Plaintiff alleges an on-going enterprise consisting of a bank, bank officers, lawyers and others, named and unnamed, engaged in a pattern of racketeering activities including acts indictable under the mail and wire fraud statutes in an unlawful scheme whereby defendants identify and target elderly rich people for the purpose of defrauding them, their heirs and legatees out of their estates, all in violation of § 1962, and that plaintiff (and each intervenor) was “injured in his business or property by reason of” said violations.
The court finds that plaintiff herein has alleged sufficient factual allegations that, taking the allegations as true and indulging in all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, would entitle him to relief under civil RICO. The court notes that defendants have not challenged the sufficiency of the plaintiffs averments of fraud or mistake, which under Rule 9(b), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, must be set forth with particularity.
IT IS BY THE COURT THEREFORE ORDERED that defendants’ motion to dismiss is hereby granted as to plaintiff’s claim of wrongful interference with an inheritance, and is hereby denied in all other respects.
Notes
. 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c) states:
Any person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter [18 USCS § 1962] may sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court and shall recover threefold the damages he sustains and the cost of the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee.
. In Note, Civil RICO: The Temptation and Impropriety of Judicial Restriction, 95 Harvard L.Rev. 1101 (1982), the author analyzes the legislative history of the statute and finds two reasons why Congress chose not to restrict RICO to organized criminals.
First, a number of representatives feared that any attempt to define the concept of "organized crime” with the precision necessary to void challenges for vagueness would cast doubt on the statute's constitutionality. “Organized crime” describes less a particular kind of offense than the associations of the offender: to avoid rendering the direct proscription of organized crime” overly vague would require defining the prohibited association as well as the activity. But when Representative Biaggi proposed an amendment that would have specifically criminalized membership in the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra, Representative Celler objected that such terms were "imprecise, uncertain, and unclear" and that mere membership in an organization should not be punished. Representative Poff objected that such an amendment might violate the Supreme Court's rulings striking down statutes that created status offenses or outlawed membership in certain organizations or ”gang[s]." Congress rejected the amendment.
Second, Congress did not want to reduce RICO’s potency by imposing a burden of proof that would be difficult or impossible to meet. In fact, the capacity of organized criminals to evade prosecution by suppressing evidence of their unlawful connections was one of Congress’ primary concerns in enacting organized crime legislation. Consequently, Congress sought to reach organized criminals by imposing sanctions for the types of activities in which they generally engage, rather than by directly proscribing the criminal association. Responding to criticism that RICO’s provisions were overinclusive, Senator McClellan, one of the sponsors of the bill, asserted that "the Senate report does not claim ... that the listed offenses are committed primarily by members of organized crime, only that those offenses are characteristic of organized crime.”
The Barr requirement thus imposes a burden of proof that Congress recognized could defeat the objectives of RICO. An organized criminal who violates the statute but whose association to organized crime cannot be proved is the precise target of RICO. Yet Congress determined that statutory violators without links to organized crime should also be subject to RICO’s criminal and civil sanctions, in an attempt to avoid both an impossibly stringent burden of proof and possible constitutional infirmity. Recent decisions that purport to rely on congressional intent in imposing the Barr requirement overlook the means that Congress employed to achieve its ends: it chose to risk the imposition of liability on defendants not tied to organized crime in order to cast a sufficiently wide net.