Maulden v. High Point Chair Co.
144 S.E. 557
N.C.
1928
Check Treatment
BeogdeN, J.

The chief question of law presented is this: Under what circumstances will the doctrine of assumption of risk bar recovery in personal injury actions?

The evidence discloses that the plaintiff was an experienced employee and was fully aware of the fact that the method of putting on belting, adopted by the defendant, was attended with danger. The law imposes upon an employer of labor the positive duty to use ordinary care in providing employees with reasonably safe methods and means to do the work for which they are employed. Jefferson v. Raleigh, 194 N. C., 479, 140 S. E., 76. There was sufficient evidence of the failure of defendant to perform this duty, but the defendant contends that by reason of the fact that the plaintiff appreciated the-danger and continued to work in his employment in the face of a known danger, that the doctrine of assumption of risk precludes him from recovering damages arising from the negligence of the employer in adopting and in continuing to operate *124 the machinery by negligent methods. “Assumption of risk is a matter of defense analogous to contributory negligence to be passed on by the jury, who are to. say whether the employee voluntarily assumed the risk. It is not enough to show merely that he worked on knowing the danger, but further, it is only where the machinery is so grossly and clearly defective that the employee must know of the extra risk, that he can be deemed to have voluntarily and knowingly assumed the risk.” Lloyd v. Hanes, 126 N. C., 359, 35 S. E., 611. Hoke, J., writing in Hicks v. Mfg. Co., 138 N. C., 319, 50 S. E., 703, quoted with approval the following excerpt from Patterson v. Pittsburgh, 76 Pa. St., 389: “When the servant, in obedience to the master incurs the risk of machinery which, though dangerous, is not so much so as to threaten immediate injury or it is reasonably probable may be used safely by extraordinary caution, the master is liable for the resulting injury.” The learned Justice, commenting upon the rule announced, says: “In several of the recent decisions, the standard in such cases is said to be that these risks are never assumed unless the act itself is obviously so dangerous that the inherent probabilities of danger are greater than those of safety.”

Again in Bissell v. Lumber Co., 152 N. C., 123, 67 S. E., 259, the Court adopted the rule as stated in Shearman and Redfield on Negligence, section 211, as follows: “The true rule, as nearly as it can be stated, is that a servant can recover for an injury suffered from defects due to the master’s fault, of which he had notice, if under all the circumstances a servant of ordinary prudence, acting with such prudence, would, under similar conditions, have continued the same work under the same risk.” Pressly v. Yarn Mills, 138 N. C., 410, 51 S. E., 69; Russ v. Harper, 156 N. C., 444, 72 S. E., 570; Hamilton v. Lumber Co., 156 N. C., 520; 72 S. E., 588; Howard v. Wright, 173 N. C., 339, 91 S. E., 1032; Medford v. Spinning Co., 188 N. C., 125, 123 S. E., 257; Parker v. Mfg. Co., 189 N. C. 275, 126 S. E., 619; Robinson v. Ivey, 193 N. C., 805, 138 S. E., 173.

Our decisions are to the effect that mere knowledge of danger, ordinarily, does not preclude recovery unless the danger is so open, obvious and imminent that no man of ordinary prudence would continue to incur the risk thereof. If the danger is so open, obvious and imminent that no man of ordinary prudence would incur the risk thereof, then under such circumstances a workman who continues in the employment would be guilty of such contributory negligence as to bar a recovery. Russ v. Harper, 156 N. C., 444. That is to say the assumption of risk is not in itself a negligent act by the workman unless the danger is open, obvious and imminent to the extent “that the inherent probabilities of danger are greater than those of safety.” If such condition exists, *125 then the act of the workman in continuing the employment in the face of such danger becomes itself contributory negligence, which bars recovery.

But who is to decide the question as to whether the danger is so open, obvious and imminent that no man of ordinary prudence would continue in the employment? This question has been answered by this Court in Medford v. Spinning Co., supra. Adams, J., said: “Whether the- danger of putting the belt in the pulley when the machinery was in motion was so obvious that a man of ordinary prudence would not have gone on with the work, was a question for the jury to determine upon all the evidence.” Parker v. Mfg. Co., 189 N. C., 275, 126 S. E., 619. However, it has been held, in proper cases, that contributory negligence under certain circumstances will bar recovery as a matter of law. This is illustrated by the case of Mathis v. Mfg. Co., 140 N. C., 530, 53 S. E., 349, and Jackson v. Mfg. Co., 195 N. C., 18. In both of these cases it appears that no negligent method of doing the work was involved and serious injury from inattention was obvious, imminent and certain. The rule is expressed thus: “In a clear case the question of assumption of risk by the employee is one of law for the court, but where there is doubt as to the facts or as to the inferences to be drawn from them, it becomes a question for the jury. To preclude, a recovery on that ground, it must appear that the employee knew and appreciated, or should have known and appreciated, the danger to which he was exposed, and in case of doubt that is for the jury. . . . The burden of proof as to the assumption of risk is upon the defendant; and where there is any doubt as to the facts, or inferences to be drawn from them, the question is for the jury.” Cobia v. R. R., 188 N. C., 487, 125 S. E., 18.

Therefore, we are of the opinion that the trial judge ruled correctly in submitting the issues to the jury, and the verdict of the jury has determined the merits of the controversy.

No error.