Matthew WARCIAK, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. SUBWAY RESTAURANTS, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
No. 17-1956
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
January 25, 2018
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied February 22, 2018
880 F.3d 870
III. CONCLUSION
The Illinois appellate court reasonably applied the standards set forth in Strickland v. Washington and Brady v. Maryland when reviewing Snow‘s non-defaulted claims. Even if those claims raised for the first time in Snow‘s successive pеtition were not procedurally defaulted and even when considering all of the evidence cumulаtively, Snow has failed to sufficiently demonstrate a constitutional violation. Therefore, we AFFIRM the judgment оf the district court. Snow‘s petition for a writ of habeas corpus is DENIED.
Kristine McAlister Brown, Derin B. Dickerson, Attorneys, ALSTON & BIRD LLP, Atlanta, GA, Lawrence H. Hеftman, Charles H.R. Peters, Attorneys, SCHIFF HARDIN LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before KANNE and SYKES, Circuit Judges, and DARROW, District Judgе.*
KANNE, Circuit Judge.
Should courts apply federal or state law to decide whether a contract‘s arbitration clause binds a non-signatory? In Scheurer v. Fromm Family Foods LLC, we held that courts should apply state law. 863 F.3d 748, 750 (7th Cir. 2017). We reiterate that holding here.
I. BACKGROUND
Matthew Warciak‘s mother has a T-Mobile cell phone plan. In 2006, she signed an agreement with T-Mobile to begin her service. Then in 2012, she signed another agreement when she purchased a new phone. These agreements each contain arbitration clauses and govern the relаtion
In 2016, Warciak received a spam text message promoting a Subway sandwich. He sued Subway under federal and state consumer protection statutes. Subway moved to compel arbitration. But because Subway and Warciak had never agreed to arbitrate—in fact they had never agreed to anything—Subway based its motion on the agreements between T-Mobile and Wаrciak‘s mother.
In the district court, the parties contested whether Warciak could be compelled to arbitrate and whether federal or state law should resolve the dispute. Subway argued that fedеral estoppel law required Warciak to arbitrate under the arbitration clauses contained in his mother‘s contracts with T-Mobile. Warciak countered that Illinois estoppel law should apply. And under Illinois law, he argued, he is not bound by his mother‘s contracts.
The district court applied federal law and grаnted Subway‘s motion to compel arbitration. Warciak appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
The material facts undеrlying this appeal are undisputed, thus we review the district court‘s ruling de novo. Scheurer, 863 F.3d at 751-52.
Generally, a court cannot compel a party to arbitrate a dispute unless that party has agreed to do so. See United Steelworkers v. Warrior & Gulf Nav. Co., 363 U.S. 574, 582, 80 S.Ct. 1347, 4 L.Ed.2d 1409 (1960); Scheurer, 863 F.3d at 752. Nevertheless, some “traditional principles” of state law allow a contract to be enforced by or against nonparties to the contract. Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 631, 129 S.Ct. 1896, 173 L.Ed.2d 832 (2009) (quoting 21 Williston on Contracts § 57:19 (4th ed. 2001)). These traditional statе law principles include: assumption, agency, veil piercing, alter ego, waiver, estoppel, third-party beneficiary, and incorporation by reference. Scheurer, 863 F.3d at 752.
Here, Warciak and Subway have nоt agreed to arbitrate their disputes. Yet Subway argues that promissory estoppel binds Warciak to his mоther‘s agreements with T-Mobile.
We recently clarified that—even in the arbitration context—the court must apply traditional state promissory estoppel principles to decide whether a non-party should be bound by the terms of another‘s contract. See Scheurer, 863 F.3d at 752 (“traditional principles of state law” gоvern whether a contract, including an arbitration agreement, is enforceable by or against a non-party (quoting Arthur Andersen, 556 U.S. at 631, 129 S.Ct. 1896)). Warciak argues that Illinois law should apply and Subway proposes no alternative. Thus, wе apply Illinois law.
Looking to Illinois law, it is clear that Subway cannot rely on estoppel to enforce T-Mobile‘s arbitration agreement against Warciak. In Illinois, “[a] claim of equitable estoppel exists where a person, by his or her statements or conduct, induces a second person to rely, to his or her detriment, on the statements or conduct of the first person.” Ervin v. Nokia, Inc., 349 Ill.App.3d 508, 285 Ill.Dec. 714, 812 N.E.2d 534, 541 (2004). Here, Subway cannot show detrimental reliance. In fact, it expressly disclaimed the argument. (R. 21, Reply brief in support of motion to compel arbitration, at 7 (“SUBWAY® is not pursuing arbitration based on a theory of detrimental reliance.“)). Having disclaimed the theory and failed to present any evidence that would support it, Subway cannot rely on estoppel to enforce the arbitration agreement against Warciak.
Subway sought to enforce against Warciak an arbitration agreement that neither party had signed. Because Illinois promissory estoppel does not bind Warciak to the arbitration agreements betweеn T-Mobile and his mother, we REVERSE the district court‘s order dismissing Warciak‘s suit and compelling arbitration and REMAND for further proceedings.