OPINION OF THE COURT
When a Connecticut child support order has expired because the child has reached 18 (the age of majority under Connecticut law), is a subsequent New York child support order for support of the same child to age 21 (the age of majority under New York law) a new order or a modification of the Connecticut order? We conclude that the New York order is a modification of the Connecticut order and that New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the petition for child support in this case.
Background
Susan and James Spencer, married in Connecticut, are the parents of three children—a son born in 1986, a second son
The couple divorced by judgment of Connecticut Superior Court on December 21, 1994. The court ordered the father to pay child support of $250 weekly per minor child, and to continue providing the children with medical insurance at his sole expense. The order also required the father to pay alimony of $600 per week until June 30, 1996 and then $500 per week until its automatic termination on December 31, 2004. In 2004, the eldest son turned 18 and the father’s support obligations terminated under Connecticut law (Conn Gen Stat Ann § 46b-215 [a] [1]). In December 2004, the father’s alimony obligations terminated as well. Five months later the father sold his private practice and began working three days a week as a consultant.
On June 30, 2005 the mother filed a petition in Family Court, Albany County seeking a de novo determination of child support for the eldest son as well as contribution for his college expenses and medical insurance. 1 The father moved to dismiss the petition for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
The Support Magistrate denied that motion and, after a hearing, ordered him to pay child support for the eldest son in the amount of $350 weekly (retroactive to June 30, 2005), 75% of any increase in his health insurance, 75% of all uninsured medical expenses, 75% of his college expenses, and to post an undertaking of $12,600. Three weeks later the Support Magistrate directed the father to pay the mother’s counsel fees in the amount of $5,080. The father filed objections to both orders; the mother objected to the amount of the attorney’s fees as only a partial award.
On March 1, 2006, Family Court denied the father’s objections and held that the Support Magistrate properly retained subject matter jurisdiction over the child support petition because the second order was not a modification of Connecticut’s original decree. Separately, the court denied the father’s objections to the award of counsel fees and granted the mother’s objection by increasing the amount of counsel fees
Analysis
In the late 1980s Congress created the Commission on Interstate Child Support to address the problem of multiple, often conflicting child support orders issued by different jurisdictions (S Rep 103-361, 103rd Cong, 2d Sess, at 4, reprinted in 1994 US Code Cong & Admin News, at 3259, 3260). The Commission reported that a significant factor contributing to the creation of multiple orders was that child support orders were not entitled to full faith and credit. To remedy this impediment to efficient nationwide enforcement of child support orders, in 1994 Congress enacted the Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act (FFCCSOA), which requires each state to give full faith and credit to another state’s validly issued child support order (28 USC § 1738B, as added by Pub L 103-383, 108 US Stat 4063). Specifically, a state “shall enforce according to its terms a child support order ... of another State; and . . . shall not seek or make a modification of such an order” except in limited circumstances (28 USC § 1738B [a]).
Congress’ efforts to create nationally uniform standards for the administration of child support orders continued with the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Pub L 104-193 § 321, 110 US Stat 2105, 2221 [104th Cong, 2d Sess, Aug. 22, 1996], adding 42 USC § 666 [f]). Among other things, this act mandated that each state enact the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA) by January 1, 1998 in order to receive federal funding for social welfare programs (see 42 USC § 654 [20]; §§ 655, 666 [f|). The legislative history indicates that the requirement to adopt UIFSA supported the congressional goal to “achieve uniformity in interstate cases, and also to recognize other States’ uncontested child support orders” (HR Rep 104-651, 104th Cong, 2d Sess, at 1324, reprinted in 1996 US Code Cong & Admin News, at 2183, 2383). New York adopted the 1996 version of UIFSA on December 31, 1997 (Family Ct Act § 580-101 et seq.).
Although UIFSA governs a broader array of child support issues than the FFCCSOA, the statutes have complementary
The statutes together establish a national single-order system, vesting continuing, exclusive jurisdiction with the issuing state. Under the FFCCSOA and UIFSA, the state issuing a child support order retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over its child support orders so long as an individual contestant continues to reside in the issuing state
(see
28 USC § 1738B [d]; Family Ct Act § 580-205). Accordingly, a state may modify the issuing state’s order of child support only when the issuing state has lost continuing, exclusive jurisdiction
2
(see
28 USC § 1738B [e]; Family Ct Act § 580-611 [a];
see also Matter of Reis v Zimmer,
Here, it is uncontested that the father always has lived in Connecticut, the state that issued the child support order. Under both statutes, because the father continues to reside in the issuing state, Connecticut retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of its child support order and New York does not have subject matter jurisdiction to modify the Connecticut order. The only issue, then, is whether a petition filed after the termination of the initial child support obligation because the child reached the issuing state’s age of majority seeks a “modification” of the issuing state’s order. If so, under the provisions of both statutes, New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction.
The Appellate Division determined that an “expired order”—by its very nature—cannot be modified because it no longer is in effect (
For the following three reasons, we reject the expired order concept.
A modification is “a change in a child support order that affects the amount, scope, or duration of the order and modifies, replaces, supersedes, or otherwise is made subsequent to the child support order” (28 USC § 1738B [b]). Here, the New York order changed the amount of the initial order (increasing it by $100 per week), the scope of the initial order (adding a provision for college expenses), and the duration of the initial order (extending the father’s obligation for three years). Undoubtedly, the New York order was “made subsequent” to the Connecticut order. Therefore, under the plain language of the federal statute, a second order for child support is a “modification” of Connecticut’s order.
Second, the drafters of UIFSA clearly intended the same result. Under New York’s version of UIFSA, “[a] tribunal of this state may not modify any aspect of a child support order that may not be modified under the law of the issuing state” (Family Ct Act § 580-611 [c]). In Connecticut, a court may issue an order of support for a child who is under the age of 18 (Conn Gen Stat Ann § 46b-215 [a] [l]). 3 Therefore, even if New York had subject matter jurisdiction to modify the Connecticut order, Connecticut law would control the duration of the father’s support obligation.
This interpretation of UIFSA is supported by the 2001 amendments to the uniform act. Although New York has not adopted the 2001 amendments, and they are not binding on this Court, they do provide insight into the intended meaning of New York’s existing statute. The 2001 amendments specifically reject the expired order concept because it subverts a significant policy underlying the Act. However, according to the drafters’ comments,
“From its original promulgation UIFSA determined that the duration of child-support obligation should be fixed by the controlling order ... If the languagewas insufficiently specific before . . . 2001, the amendments should make this decision absolutely clear. The original time frame for support is not modifiable unless the law of the issuing State provides for modification of its duration. Some courts have sought to subvert this policy by bolding that completion of the obligation to support a child through age 18 established by the now-completed controlling order does not preclude the imposition of a new obligation thereafter to support the child through age 21” (Uniform Interstate Family Support Act [2001] § 611, Comment [emphasis added]).
Notably, courts from other states have enforced the one-order policy of UIFSA by declining to issue a second child support order where the issuing state’s order had expired
(see Marshak v Weser,
390 NJ Super 387,
Third, we reject the expired order concept in order to promote the principle of comity embedded in the FFCCSOA and UIFSA. A secure one-order child support system is critical to the proper administration of child support orders—New York’s as well as those of other states—and to ensuring that children receive the support to which they are entitled.
Therefore, the New York order is a modification of the Connecticut order. Because the father still resides in Connecticut, that state has continuing, exclusive jurisdiction of the child support order—despite termination of the father’s obligations for his eldest son under that order—and New York does not have subject matter jurisdiction to modify that order.
We are well aware of New York’s strong policy interest in assuring that both parents fulfill their support obligations
Finally, the father’s request to recoup payments he made to the mother as a result of the child support order issued by Family Court cannot be determined on this record and should, on remittal, be addressed by Family Court (including all offsets due the mother).
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, and the matter remitted to Family Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Judges Ciparick, Graffeo, Read, Smith, Pigott and Jones concur.
Order reversed, etc.
Notes
. In August 2005, he began attending college. At that time, his tuition, housing and meal plan cost approximately $10,706 per semester.
. A state may also modify a child support order upon consent of all the parties, despite the parties’ state of residence (see 28 USC § 1738B [e] [2] [B]; Family Ct Act § 580-611 [a] [2]). No such consent exists in this case.
. If a child is unmarried and enrolled in a full-time high school, a court may order child support until “such child completes the twelfth grade or attains the age of nineteen, whichever occurs first” (Conn Gen Stat Ann § 46b-215 [a] [1]).