The U. S. Supreme Court held in
Taylor v. Hayes,
“We are not concernеd here with the trial judge’s power, for the purpose of maintaining order in the courtroom, to punish summarily and without notice or hearing contemptuous conduct committed in his presence and observed by him. [Citation omitted.] The usual justification of neсessity [citation omitted] is not nearly so cogent when final adjudication and sentence are postponed until after trial. Our decisions establish that summary punishment need not always be imposed during trial if it is to be permitted at all. In proper circumstances, particularly where the offender is a lawyer representing a client on trial, it may be postponed, until the conclusion of the proceedings. [Citation omitted.]. . . .
On the other hand, where conviction and punishment are delayed, ‘it is much more difficult to argue that action without
*614
notice or hearing of any kind is necessary to preserve order and enable [the court] to proceed with its business.’ . . . Groppi
[Groppi v. Leslie,
One of thе questions presented by this appeal is whether the due process requirements of (1) reasonable notice and (2) an opportunity to be heard were provided to petitioner. From the record the following facts appear tо be pertinent to this issue:
(1) The findings of contempt resulted from an incident which occurred on July 15, 1975, during the jury selection.
(2) The petitioner was given a verbatim transcript on 16 July 1975 of the previous day’s incident from which the finding of contempt resulted. This transcript was given the petitioner in open court and findings of fact were made by the presiding judge that the incident took place at 2:55 p.m. on July 15, and stated “. . . this is called instance number one in reference to Mr. Paul and I am now handing him a record, verbatim record frоm the transcript of just what you said yesterday.”
(3) On 21 July 1975, Judge Hobgood advised petitioner in chambers that immediately upon return of a jury verdict in the murder trial the petitioner would be cited for contempt for his statements in court on 15 July 1975.
(4) On 12 August 1975, Judge Hobgood explicitly advised petitioner in chambers that the court would permit and hear a statement by petitioner in open court relating to his actions on 15 July 1975.
(5) On 15 August 1975, petitioner was given an opportunity to be heard, and he made the following statement:
“Me. Paul: I would sоrt of respond to your Honor, if I might. If your Honor pleases, even though I tried cases before you before, I didn’t get to know you too good.
*615 The Court : We got to know each other better in this trial.
Mr. Paul: Better in this trial. And I hope that both of ns and all of us have grown more than — more as human beings and understanding eaсh other. Realize we have had disagreements. I hope that out of those disagreements have come growth as human beings that lead us towards understanding in reaching what is the truth.
Myself, I’m what you call an advocate or believer of nonviolencе and basically of Dr. King’s philosophy, as most of the people on the defense team are. And it is with this philosophy we proceed through life. This philosophy we speak out at people when we think they are wrong, but we do not do so beсause we just dislike them, dislike them out of hatred; do not do so to make them — to belittle them or to hurt them in any way; we do so only in order to call attention to particular issues of dialogue in a trial like this.
I, myself, your Honor, am very emotionally involved and feel very strongly about this young lady. And I would do — would give up a great deal for her, because as Dr. Flynn so aptly put it, you — he—you could not have rode back that night with her and believed that she was anything but innocent.
And your Honor, I’ve spent a long time in this State fighting for soсial change and sometimes I do become emotional and outspoken, heated. And that heat is not hatred, and that heat is not spoken in anger or to belittle or to hurt any one else. Sometimes it is necessary that we speak out knowing that others will become angry at us, so that through anger that will cause a dialogue or a thought process and will perhaps result in growth.
And if it is necessary for a person, who lives under Dr. King’s philosophy, to call upon themselves punishment or harshness because of speaking out, then they know what they’re doing, that; and they accept that gladly, but they at no time hate or despise or dislike the other person or the person they were talking to. And they also hope that out of that grows the dialogue whiсh results in a better understanding.
*616 I realize that your Honor and I have had words back and forth, and I hope that depth of nonviolence, that out of that has grown a better understanding of each other’s position and that you realize that words were not said in an attempt to belittle or an attempt to harm you in any way, but maybe you can — maybe you cannot understand my life style of nonviolence. I hope that you can and hope that we made progress on that, but I know that we have talked about that and think that we now understand each other a little better. And certainly can say that for my part that I have come to appreciate your good qualities better than I did, because I know of them because of that incident. I cannot sрeak for you.
The Court: Well, I’ll say to you I like you and I think you are a good lawyer. That’s for publication.”
The due process requirements of notice and opportunity to be heard were adequately met. Petitioner received actual nоtice, including the time and place, that he would be cited for contempt. A written transcript provided formal notice of the specific actions for which petitioner was being cited.
Moreover, petitioner was given advance notice that he would have an opportunity to be heard, and in fact he was heard. The U. S. Supreme Court said in Taylor v. Hayes, supra at 499, that “the contemnor might at least urge, for example, that the behavior at issue was not contempt but the acceptable conduct of an attorney representing his client; or, he might present matters in mitigation or otherwise attempt to make amends with the court.” This is essentially the nature of the argument petitioner undertook to make to the court.
Petitioner’s next argumеnt is that he was entitled to have an unbiased judge rule on the contempt charge, and that it was error for the trial judge not to recuse himself. We see no merit in this argument.
In Taylor v. Hayes, supra, it was found that the trial judge became embroiled in a running controversy with petitioner and displayed an unfavorable personal attitude toward petitioner, his ability, and his motives. It was held that the contempt issue should have been decided by a different judge.
However, we see the instant case as being more like that of
Ungar v. Sarafite,
That Judge Hobgood did not react strongly to petitioner’s conduct emerges clearly in the following statements which the Judge made at the conclusion of the trial and prior to sentencing petitioner:
“I have to say about counsel, I think highly of all of thеm. I think that the counsel has fought the case with intensity; State’s counsel and defense counsel. Mr. Paul and myself will probably have some more matters to take care of because — well, we will discuss that later. But Mr. Paul is a very good lawyer and a very intensе lawyer. He fights very hard and intensely for his client.
This is not the first time I’ve had Mr. Paul right in this same courtroom before on previous occasions.
Incidentally, you won the case.”
After finding petitioner in contempt and passing sentence the following conversation occurred:
“The Court: You understand nothing personal between you and me, don’t you?
Mr. Paul: Yes, sir. And if saying things in order to make advances in courts and society and create social change, and if doing what I did resulted in . . . [defendant] going free or any way contributed to that, then I do not consider time as any dishonor but as a badge of honor and note Dr. King said we turn jail walls into jails of freedom.
The Court: All right. Thank you very much. Now, Mr. Paul realizes and I hope the News Media realizes that this is nothing personal between me as individual and Mr. Paul because I personally have no animosity towards him whatsoever. This is a matter that I felt necessary in order to preserve the court decorum and I would have held him in contempt at that moment except we could not have tried the case. . . .”
*618 Finally, as has already been quoted, following petitioner’s statement Judge Hobgood stated, “Well, I’ll say to you I like you and I think you are a good lawyer. That’s for publication.”
From our reading of the record before us it is clear that there were no “marked рersonal feelings” or “personal stings” on behalf of the trial judge, nor was there “such a likelihood of bias or an appearance of bias that the judge was unable to hold the balance between vindicating the interests of the court and the interests of the accused.”
Ungar v. Sarafite, supra,
at 588;
Mayberry v. Pennsylvania,
We conclude that there was no error in the failure of the trial judge to recuse himself.
Petitioner admits that his remarks were “certainly contentious and persistent” but maintains that they were not contemptuous. He assеrts that his comments were invited by the trial judge, and furthermore that he was within the scope of vigorous advocacy and not interrupting court proceedings or disobeying any court directive. We disagree.
The record shows that petitioner went beyond the bounds of an attorney’s vigorous advocacy on behalf of his client. Due to the forbearance and self-control of the trial judge there was only a minimal interruption of the trial proceedings caused by petitioner’s actions. Howеver, the conduct of the petitioner would have greatly obstructed the court in the performance of its duties had it not been for the judge’s self-restraint.
As an attorney, petitioner knew, or should have known, not to persist in making arguments after the cоurt made its rulings. Moreover, the findings of fact by the trial judge show that petitioner had been specifically forewarned that further statements by counsel were not in order after the court made its rulings.
There is no evidence in the record to support рetitioner’s position that the court invited his remarks. Nor is there anything in the record to indicate that the judge badgered or provoked petitioner in any manner that would have prompted petitioner’s actions.
That petitioner knew his remarks wеre contemptuous is reflected by his statement that it would not worry him to be held in contempt. By his words and demeanor it is shown that *619 petitioner intended to be contemptuous, and the record supports the finding that his acts and conduct did amount to contempt.
We have considered petitioner’s final arguments that G.S. 5-1(1) is unconstitutional in that it is vague and denies him due process, and that G.S. 5-5 is unconstitutional on its face and violates due process of law. His arguments are not persuasive. See
State v. Little,
The “standards of proper courtroom decorum are not altered and should not be applied differently because a trial may be characterized as political. . . .”
United States v. Seale,
The order of contempt and judgmеnt of confinement is affirmed. Having served approximately five of the fourteen day sentence petitioner must now serve the remaining nine days of the sentence. Execution for confinement of the contemnor for the remainder of the term of imprisonment pronounced by Judge Hobgood shall issue at the next session of Superior Court for Wake County following the certification of this opinion.
Affirmed.