In thе Matter of the ESTATE OF Edward Frank MUDER, Deceased.
Linda LIND and Janet Hiscoe, Petitioners-Appellants,
v.
Retha MUDER, Respondent-Appellee.
Supreme Court of Arizona, In Banc.
*174 Frost & Porter, P.C. by G. Terris Porter, Show Low, for petitioners-appellants.
Joseph Julius Hessinger, P.C. by Joseph Julius Hessinger, Pinetop, for resрondent-appellee.
CAMERON, Justice.
I. JURISDICTION
Respondent seeks review of the decision and opinion of the court of appeals, which reversed the trial court's admission of Edward Frank Muder's will to probate. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Ariz. Const. art. 6 § 5(3), A.R.S. § 12-120.24 and Ariz. R.Civ.App.P. 23.
II. ISSUE
We must determine whether the purported will is a valid holographic will pursuant tо A.R.S. § 14-2503.
III. FACTS
Edward Frank Muder died on 15 March 1984. In September 1986, Retha Muder, the surviving spouse, submitted a purported will dated 26 January 1984 to the probate court. The purported will was on а preprinted will form set forth as Exhibit A.
The daughters of Edward Muder by a previous wife contested the will. They were unsuccessful in the trial court and appealed to the сourt of appeals. A divided court of appeals reversed. In re Estate of Muder,
IV. WAS THE DOCUMENT A VALID WILL UNDER A.R.S. § 14-2502?
The right to make a will did not exist at common law. It is a statutory right. 1 W. Bowe & D. Parker, Page on the Law of Wills at 62-63 (1960). Because the legislature has the power to withhold or to grant the right to make a will, its exercise may be made subject to such regulations and requirements as the legislature pleasеs. In re Estate of Wilkins,
It is apparent that this was not a proper formal will pursuant to statute because only one witness signed.
Except as provided for holographic wills, ... every will shall be in writing signed by the testator or in the testator's name by some other person in the testator's presence and by his direction, and shall be signed by at least two persons each of whom witnessed either the signing *175 or the testator's acknowledgment of the signature or of the will.
A.R.S. § 14-2502 (emphasis added).
Also, the document does not meet the requirements for a self-proved will. The self-proving affidavit does not state that thе testator signed or acknowledged his signature, or the will, in the presence of witnesses. A.R.S. § 14-2504; See In re Estate of Mackaben,
We agree with the court of appeals that the will is not valid under the formal will statute, A.R.S. § 14-2502.
V. IS THE DOCUMENT A VALID HOLOGRAPHIC WILL?
To serve as a will, the document must indicate that the testator had testamentary intent. In re Estate of Blake v. Benza,
Because this will fails under A.R.S. § 14-2502, it is only valid if it can be considered a holographic will under the statute that provides:
A will which does not comply with § 14-2502 is valid as a holographic will, whether or not witnessed, if the signature and the material provisions are in the handwriting of the testator.
A.R.S. § 14-2503. This section was enacted in 1973 and replaced the previous holographic will statute that stated:
A holographiс will is one entirely written and signed by the hand of the testator himself. Attestation by subscribing witnesses is not necessary in the case of a holographic will.
A.R.S. § 14-123 (1956).
Under the previous statute, no printed matter was allowed on the document. Litigation resulted because often a testator would write his holographic will on paper containing рrinted letterheads. Such printed matter was obviously not in the testator's handwriting. To avoid the harsh result of denying such holographic wills admission to probate, courts crеated the "surplusage theory." This theory held that the statutory words "wholly" or "entirely" were satisfied when the material provisions of the will were "wholly" or "entirely" in the handwriting of the testator, and that other written or printed material could accordingly be disregarded as surplusage. Arizona adopted the surplusage theory to presеrve the validity of such holographic wills. See In re Estate of Schuh,
With the increased use of printed will forms, stаtes with statutes similar to our previous statute requiring that a holographic will be entirely in the handwriting of the testator, applied the surplusage theory to the printed will forms by disregаrding the printed matter and then looking to see if what was left made sense and could be considered a valid will. See Estate of Black,
California considered this issue because its statute required that a holographic will must be entirely written, dated, and signed by the hand of the testator himself and that any matter printed that was incorporated in the will provisions had to be considered part of the will. Estate of Black,
*176 No sound purpose or policy is served by invalidating a holograph where every statutorily required element of the will is concededly expressed in the testatrix' own hаndwriting and where her testamentary intent is clearly revealed in the words as she wrote them. Frances Black's sole mistake was her superfluous utilization of a small portion of the language of the preprinted form. Nullification of her carefully expressed testamentary purpose because of such error is unnecеssary to preserve the sanctity of the statute.
Black,
We believe that our legislature, in enacting the present statute, A.R.S. § 14-2503, intended to allow printed portions of the will fоrm to be incorporated into the handwritten portion of the holographic will as long as the testamentary intent of the testator is clear and the protection afforded by requiring the material provisions be in the testator's handwriting is present.
Indeed, our statute states:
B. The underlying purposes and policies of this title are:
....
2. To discover and make effective the intent of a decedent in distribution of his рroperty.
A.R.S. § 14-1102(B)(2).
In the instant case, there is no question as to the testator's intent. We hold that a testator who uses a preprinted form, and in his own handwriting fills in the blanks by designating his beneficiаries and apportioning his estate among them and signs it, has created a valid holographic will. Such handwritten provisions may draw testamentary context from both the printed and the handwritten language on the form. We see no need to ignore the preprinted words when the testator clearly did not, and the statute does not require us to do so.
We find the words of an early California decision persuasive:
If testators are to be encouraged by a statute like ours to draw their own wills, the сourts should not adopt upon purely technical reasoning a construction which would result in invalidating such wills
....
In re Soher's Estate,
VI. RELIEF
We vacate the opinion of the court of appeals and affirm the judgment of the trial court admitting the will to probate.
GORDON, C.J., and FELDMAN, V.C.J., concur.
*177
*178
MOELLER, Justice, dissenting.
As the majority correctly notes, there is no common law right to make a will. To be entitled to probate, a document must meet the applicable statutory criteria. The majority opinion of the court of appeals and Judge Haire's pеrsuasive special concurrence amply demonstrate that the document in this case does not comply with Arizona's holographic will statute, A.R.S. § 14-2503. The statute is clear: in a holographic will the "signature and the material provisions" must be in the handwriting of the testator. The majority reads into the statute a provision that printеd portions of a form may be "incorporated" into the handwritten provisions so as to meet the statutory requirements. I am unable to *179 discern such expansivenеss in the statute. Neither was the court of appeals in the recent case of In re Estate of Johnson,
I am sympathetic to the majority's desire to give effect to a decedent's perceived testamentary intent. However, the legislature has chosen to require that testamentary intent be expressed in certain deliberate ways before a document is entitled to be probated as a will. Whether thе holographic will statute should be amended to take into account the era of do-it-yourself legal forms is a subject within the legislative domain. I suspect the аd hoc amendment engrafted on the statute in this case will prove to be more mischievous than helpful. Because I believe there has been no compliance with the statute on holographic wills, I respectfully dissent.
HOLOHAN, J., joins in the dissent of MOELLER, J.