624 F.2d 1076 | C.C.P.A. | 1980
This case is before us on appeal by Mattel, Inc. (Mattel) and cross-appeal by the Government from the decision and judgment of
BACKGROUND
The involved merchandise covering 10 entries consists of phonograph records manufactured in the United States which were exported in bulk quantities to Mexico, where they were packaged for retail sale in envelopes and imported into the United States at Los Angeles-Long Beach during the period of August 18-November 21 1972, in association with talking toy telephones (not in issue here), known and sold as Mattel-O-Phones and Talking Picture Phones, the latter in two styles, depending on the types of records included: Nice Neighbors Talking Picture Phone (Nice Neighbors Phone), and Alphabet-Talking Pictures Phone (Alphabet Phone).
The Customs Court denied Mattel’s primary claim for duty-free classification on the basis of Mattel’s failure to timely file free-entry, claim-supporting documents required by Customs Regulation 19 CFR 10.1.
Alternatively, Mattel argues that even if the filing of documents specified by 19 CFR 10.1 was required, as determined by the Customs Court, the requirement was satisfied by its tender of the documents to the Customs Court before final liquidation under 19 CFR 10.112, which permits late filing where failure to timely file “was not due to willful negligence or fraudulent intent.”
the record shows that the failure to timely file was intentional, which for purposes of section 10.112, is the legal equivalent of willful negligence.
The Customs Court observed that the Government had conceded that the free-entry, claim-supporting documents may be filed with the Customs Court if there was a showing that the late filing was not due to willful negligence or fraud.
The Customs Court referred to testimony of Mattel’s director of import-export administration that when he and Mattel knew that the Customs Service was not going to allow duty-free treatment to the records,
The Customs Court further found that Mattel's constructed cost submissions (exhibits 15 B, D, E, and F) contained a footnote reading:
Importer requesting judicial ruling that this merchandise is applicable under items 800.00 or 807.00 TSUS.
Of this, the court said:
This notice of an intention to seek a judicial ruling * * * shows an intent not to seek a timely ruling by the Customs Service.
The constructed cost submissions were sent by letter from Mattel to the District Director of the Customs Service for the purpose of assisting in the computation of the estimated duty to be deposited with the entry and covered numerous components in addition to the records — some applicable under item 800.00, some applicable under item 807.00, and some, including the records, associable under various classifications. Earlier constructed cost submissions listed records as applicable under item 807.00.
OPINION
Although we are satisfied that substantial evidence supports the Customs Court’s findings that the nonfiling of the free-entry, claim-supporting documents was intentional, in a nominal sense, we conclude that the Customs Court erred in holding that “intentional * * * for purposes of section 10.112, is the legal equivalent of willful negligence.”
The Customs Regulations do not provide a definition of willful negligence. However, in F. W. Myers & Co. v. United States, 70 Cust. Ct. 202, C.D. 4431, 360 F. Supp. 429, appeal dismissed, 61 CCPA 121 (1973), the Customs Court, after reviewing several authorities,
It is to be observed that included in the term “willful negli" gence” by the authorities cited, supra, are two elements: (1) Intent or a deliberate or conscious and intentional omission to perform some act or duty; (2) reckless disregard of the consequences of the act done or failure to act by the party.
The second element, involving a reckless disregard of the act done, defendant contends is established by the pattern of conduct of plaintiff. * * * While it is unquestionably true * * * that the length of time it took plaintiff to contact the ultimate consignee in order to obtain the missing documents constituted an inordinately long period of time, it does not in the opinion of the court amount to a reckless.disregard of the rights of the party. Dilatory procedure would not in itself be sufficient to constitute reckless disregard of the rights of the party. Even if the court were to consider the length of time it took to contact the ultimate consignee to be a result of carelessness or inattention, however * * * gross, it is not tantamount to willful negligence.
Mattel points out that the Customs Court cited no case in which the concept of willful negligence did not include culpability and that the Government’s citations,
We note that in the closely related field of Federal income taxation, the Supreme Court has, in cases of both tax felonies and tax misdemeanors, required that there be a bad purpose or evil motive to meet the statutory provision of willfulness. United States v. Bishop, 412 U.S. 346, 361 (1973); United States v. Murdock, 290 U.S. 389, 398 (1933). But see United States v. McCorkle, 511 F. 2d 482, 485 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 826 (1975). Although this requirement was stated in the context of criminal statutes, it is nevertheless relevant to the meaning of “willful” in a civil case, which merely requires a lesser burden of proof.
With respect to the Customs Court’s statement that the footnote in Mattel’s constructed cost submissions showed “an intent not to seek a timely ruling by the customs service,” it appears that a timely ruling had in fact been made when, in 1972, duty-free treatment of records was discontinued by the Customs Service, and that further administrative action would have been futile. Also, there has been no showing by the Government that the customs revenue was, in any way, jeopardized by Mattel’s decision, with notice to the Customs
Accordingly, we hold that, under 19 CFR 10.112, Mattel was entitled to have its free-entry, claim-supporting documents filed with the Customs Court.
We note from the record that the Customs Court agreed with Mattel’s counsel that, in the event Mattel was determined to have been neither fraudulent nor willfully negligent, the documents would he admitted into evidence and that Mattel would be deemed to have submitted all necessary documentation in support of its item 800.00 and item 807.00 claims. Therefore, on the basis of what clearly appears from the record and the exhibits, we further hold that the involved merchandise is classifiable as duty free under item 807.00, TSUS, as the U.S. goods component of articles assembled abroad, said component not having been advanced in value or improved in condition while abroad except by being assembled.
The decision and judgment of the Customs Court are reversed.
Under item 800.00, the goods are duty free; while under item 807.00, duty is calculated on the full value of the imported assembled article less the cost or value of the U.S. goods component.
In the Mattel-O-Phone package five 4-inch records were packed in a manila envelope; in each of the Nice Neighbors and Alphabet Phone packages, six 2^-inch records were packed in a clear plastic envelope. An appropriate envelope was stapled to each phone unit.
19 CFR 10.1 requires the filing of the following documents “in connection with the entry of articles claimed to be free of duty under schedule 8, part 1, Tariff Schedules of the United States”: Foreign shipper’s declaration, owner’s declaration on Customs form 3311, District Director of Customs’ certificate oí exporta* tion (Customs form 4467) showing that no drawback, bounty, or allowance has been paid or admitted thereon; and, for classification under item 807.00, foreign assembler’s declaration with owner’s endorsement thereon.
Mattel calls attention to testimony that duty-free treatment of identical records was discontinued ih 1972 because the import specialist did not regard the packaging of the records as an assembly operation, but concluded that the packaging was an advancement in value — a conclusion, Mattel argues, that was overruled by this court's decision in United States v. Carr & Son, Inc., 61 CCPA 52, C.A.D. 1118, 496 F. 2d 1225 (1974) (individually packaged assortments of fishhooks held qualified for duty-free treatment under item 800.00 TSUS).
See F. W. Myers & Co. v. United States, 70 Cust. Ct. 202, C.D. 4431, 360 F. Supp. 429, appeal dismissed, 61 CCPA 121 (1973); Green Giant Co. v. United States, 79 Cust. Ct. 61, 70, C.D. 4715 (1977).
He testified that in 1972 they were directed to pay duty on the records as toy parts under item 737.90.
He also estimated that 1,500,000 documents went through his department in 1972.
The Customs Court also said that “it is not the function of see. 10.112 to relieve an Importer from th consequences of its deliberate acts" and appear to equate “intentional” and “deliberate” for purposes of 19 CFít 1.112, a point with which we do not disagree. However, it is clear that the regulation was promulgated to make the privilege of free entry less onerous by extending the time for filing of claim-supporting documents and, thereby, enabling free entry of merchandise that would otherwise have been excluded from such treatment. Freres, Inc. v. United States, 47 Cust. Ct. 155, 159, C.D. 2296 (1961).
These included Black's Law Dictionary, 65 C.J.S. Negligence sec. 9(1)(c), and 57 Am. Jur. 2d Wilful or Wanton Negligence sec. 105.
United States v. Fish, 268 U.S. 607, 612-13 (1925); United States v. Kittelson, 43 CCPA 31, 34-35, C.A.D. 605 (1955); Pacific Coast Feather Co. v. United States, 40 CCPA 141, 143, 147, C.A.D. 510 (1953); United States v. W. J. Westerfield, 40 CCPA 115, 124-26, C.A.D. 507 (1953).
Mattel makes the point that “(i)t is not logical to assume that Mattel would sabotage its own ability to seek judicial review of its substantive claims by failing to type onto the claim-supporting documents which it filed with the entries in 1972 an additional six-digit number referencing the part number of the phonograph records.”
The Government argues that proof of freedom from intent to defraud is an easier standard to meet than freedom from willful negligence. Therefore, demonstrating absence of willful negligence a fortiori demonstrates freedom from fraudulent intent.
Because of this holding, it is unnecessary to reach Mattel’s argument that it was not required to comply with 19 CTR 10.1; also, the cross-appeal by the Government must be dismissed.