Ladd, J.
The plaintiff, as owner of the W. % S. W. % of section 1, alleged the ownership by defendants of lands along the lines between sections 1, 2, 3, 11, 12, 13, and 14, in the same township, and prayed that these lines and corners be established. It appeared that Prank Eoss owned the E. %, section 11, and the defendant S. Y. Eggert the N. E. %, section 14. In his answer Eggert pleaded in bar a decree of court, entered October 19, 1906, in a cause wherein Eoss was plaintiff and one Hagenstein, a tenant of Eggert, was defendant, and alleged that in entering said decree the court fixed and determined the boundary between his land and that of Eoss. Whether there was such a determination in that suit is the main inquiry presented on this appeal. In that action Eoss *571alleged that he was constructing a fence along the south line of his land, whereupon Hagenstein, who was insolvent, maliciously entered on said premises and removed the fence, and the prayer was that the latter be enjoined from interfering further. In his answer Hagenstein admitted having removed the fence, denied all other allegations, and pleaded long acquiescence in a line as boundary between the respective tracts of land, marked by an old fence about fifty feet north of where Eoss was attempting to place his fence, alleged that he was occupying the premises as tenant of Eggert, and prayed that the writ of injunction be dissolved, the petition dismissed, and such further relief as appeared just and equitable. In reply, Eoss alleged that'Eggert acquired title to his tract of land through one Pratt, and that said old fence had been constructed by a prior grantor, who then owned the land on both sides of it; that it extended only a part of the way in an irregular course, was not located with respect to the line, was never recognized by the prior owners 'as a line fence; -that the land owned by Eoss was unoccupied until he purchased it in 1895; that while Pratt owned the said land the county surveyor' was called upon to establish the line between the respective tracts, which was done, and said Pratt orally agreed to join in the construction of the fence on the line as surveyed, but died before this was ' done; and that Eggert, with knowledge of these facts, acquiesced in the establishment of such line, and the defendant was now estopped to claim that the line so established is not the true line, or to claim that the old fence referred to was ever recognized or acquiesced in as being the division -line between the two tracts. The pleadings are fully stated as best disclosing that two issues were involved in the former action; the one raised by the general denial, i. e., whether the fence was being erected on the true line between the respective tracts of land, and the other whether the line marked by the old fence had been established *572by acquiescence for ten years or more. It should be noted that Hagenstein did not claim that the old fence was on the division line as established by the government survey, and that neither party asked that the true boundary be established. Upon hearing, the court made no entry, other than the dismissal of the petition.
i. Boundaries: prior adjudiManifestly this may have been on either of two' grounds: (1) Because of the failure of Boss to prove that the line where the fence was being erected was the true line; or (2), if the evidence was sufficient to show ,i t • t i t this, then the dismissal may have been on the ground that the line marked by the old
fence was proven to have been established by acquiescence. On which ground the decision was planted does not appear from the face of the record', and that of itself ón its face does no more than determine that the fence was not being erected on the true boundary, or on the land of Boss. Appellant contends, however, that the evidence was such that the court in reaching its conclusion necessarily must have found that the true boundary line was that marked by the old fence, and the burden of proof was on him so to prove, either by the record or by extrinsic evidence. Goodenow v. Litchfield, 59 Iowa, 226; Pepper v. Donnelly, 87 Ky. 261 (8 S. W. 441) ; Zoeller v. Riley, 100 N. Y. 102 (2 N. E. 388, 53 Am. Rep. 157) ; Fowlkes v. State, 14 Lea (Tenn.), 14; 24 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 834. To be available as an estoppel, the matter must necessarily have been decided; it will not be enough that it may have been. 2 Smith’s Leading Cases (H. & W.’s Notes); 794. “The inference must be necessary and irresistible, excluding all doubt.” Wells’ Bes Adjudícala, section 224; Chamberlain v. Gaillard, 26 Ala. 510. In short, it must appear that the particular matter was considered and passed on in the former suit, or the adjudication will not operate as a bar to a subsequent action.
The evidence adduced at the former trial was intro*573duced for this purpose, and it disclosed (1) that the evidence was insufficient to show the true line was as contended by Ross; (2) that it was insufficient to support a finding that the boundary had been established by acquiescence; and (3) it tended strongly to indicate that the government line was where the old fence had been erected. Reverting to this evidence,’ Ross relied solely on a survey by an engineer who did not pretend to have made use of the government field notes, nor to have started from a point recognized as a government corner, or corner otherwise established. He accepted stones, said to have been placed by a former county surveyor, as indicating the true corners. Under what circumstances these were placed, or the former survey made, was not shown. Neither the record nor the report of the survey, if any there was, nor copy thereof, was introduced in evidence, nor was there any showing under section 538 of the Code, authorizing it to be treated as prima facie correct. No other evidence tending to prove such to be the true line was adduced. Manifestly it was insufficient, and the court might have dismissed the petition on this ground alone. Nor was the evidence such as that the court might have found the boundary to have been established by acquiescence. The old fence appears to have been located in 1874, some fifty feet farther north than the line as contended by Ross; but there was no evidence of occupancy or improvement of the land north of it until 1896, not to exceed nine years prior to the commencement of the action. Such being the record in the case of Ross v. Hagenstein, it ought not to be assumed, much less decided, that the district court in dismissing the petition found that the line marked by the fence constructed in 1874 had been established by acquiescence. Miller v. Mills County, 111 Iowa, 654, and like cases.
*5742. Adverse possession: occupancy. *573Possibly circumstances may be such as to justify the inference of acquiescence in a less time than ten years; *574but where nothing is shown, save occupation up to the fence or other monument marking the division, the courts quite generally hold that such occupation, without objection, must have continued for the period of the statute of limitation, fixed as essential to sustain a claim of title by adverse possession. Por this reason this court in deciding the cause on appeal did not refer to the plea of acquiescence, alluding to the other issue only as follows: “He (Ross) relies upon recent ex parte surveys; while defendant relies upon testimony showing the original monuments as corroborated by the field notes. After a careful reading of the testimony, we are constrained to agree with the trial court in holding that the fence erected by plaintiff is not upon the true line, that the recent survey is incorrect or inconclusive, and that, even if correct, it should not prevail over well-established marks and monuments.” See Ross v. Hagenstein, 116 N. W. (Iowa) 1064. The language quoted sufficiently disposes of the claim that this was an adjudication of the grounds on which the district court based its decision. It purports to do no more than suggest the grounds on which the judgment of the trial court might be approved, but does not independently determine any issue.
3. boundaries: evidence. But the evidence also strongly tended to prove that the line marked by the old fence was the line established by the government survey. That it was such line had uot been pleaded, but the evidence was admissible as tending to controvert the contention of Ross that it was where he was constructing the fence. The matter as to where the true line might be would not seem to be involved in the issue, save as to whether it was where Ross was erecting the fence, and this evidence was merely incidental. The rule laid down in the Duchess of Kingston’s case, 20 Howell’s State Trials, 355, is that “neither the judgment of a concurrent *575nor exclusive jurisdiction is evidence of any matter wbicb came collaterally in question, though within their jurisdiction, nor of any matter incidentally cognizable, nor of any matter- to be inferred by argument from the judgment,” and has been followed since; but no little difficulty has been experienced in determining when a matter is directly, as distinguished from collaterally, in issue. In the early case of Haight v. City of Keokuk, 4 Iowa, 199, the court, speaking through Woodard, J., said: “In order to make the matter a bar, it must have been embraced in some of the pleadings, or in the issue in the former .action. 2 Philip, Evidence, ut sup. 13 to 19; Standish v. Parker, 2 Pick. (Mass.) 20 (13 Am. Dec. 393). Thus any demand or claim embraced in the declaration, or any right or title set up in defense, in a plea, may become a bar; and parol evidence is sometimes admitted to show what was tried or submitted. But this is- only to show that some particular- item, demand, claim, or right, which would be covered by the declaration or plea of notice, was submitted or was not, as under a general count for money demands, or under a general submission to award, to show that certain demands or subjects were heard and submitted. But it is apprehended that no matter can be pleaded as res adjudicata, which was not covered by or embraced in the pleadings of the former suit. Matters which arise only incidentally in the evidence, however much they may influence the mind of the judge or jury in arriving at a conclusion, are not matters adjudicated.” See King v. Chase, 15 N. H. 9 (41 Am. Dec. 675); Huntley v. Holt, 59 Conn. 102 (22 Atl. 34, 21 Am. St. Rep. 71); Van Vleet, Eormer Adjudication, section 4.
4. prior adjudiWithout now considering whether the doctrine-of res adjudicata should b.e narrowed to the issues shown by tile pleadings, it is enough to say that a matter, not embraced in the pleadings, and which was not necessarily determined in entering judgment, *576could not have been directly in issue. Van Vleet, Former Adjudication, page 60. See, also, Stannard v. Hubbell, 123 N. Y. 520 (25 N. E. 1084) ; Cavanaugh v. Buehler, 120 Pa. 441 (14 Atl. 391); Doonan v. Glynn, 28 W. Va. 715.
5‘ A E’ The court might properly have entered the dismissal on the ground that the evidence introduced by Eoss failed to make out a case, and as this was the only issue upon which it was requested to speak hy either party, and the evidence failed to show that
the judgment was based on some other ground, it will be presumed that nothing else was determined. This in no manner conflicts with the rule which obtains in this state that where there are several defenses no presumption arises as to which prevailed, but is equivalent to saying that the record, in connection with the evidence, discloses 'the ground of the decision. Linton v. Crosby, 61 Iowa, 293; id., 61 Iowa, 403. If the record be construed most favorably to plaintiff, there were three defenses, any one of which would have been -sufficient, and the court in dismissing the suit failed to indicate on which the decision was based. All the defenses are not presumed to have been sustained. Linton v. Crosby, supra; Van Vleet, Former Adjudication, section 279, and, in the absence of any showing as to which defense prevailed, the dismissal can not avail as a plea of estoppel. Griffith v. Fields, 105 Iowa, 362; Geary v. Bangs, 138 Ill. 77 (27 N. E. 462); Angir v. Ryan, 63 Minn. 373 (65 N. W. 640); Hearn v. Railway, 67 N. H. 320 (29 Atl. 970); Belleville, etc., Ry. v. Leathe, 84 Fed. 103 (28 C. C. A. 279) ; 24 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 773. In such a case it is pure matter of conjecture as to what issue was determined. It is the essence of estoppel by judgment that it is certain that the precise fact was determined by the former judgment. De Sollar v. Hanscome, 158 U. S. 216 (15 Sup. Ct. 816, 39 L. Ed. 956) ; Callaway v. Irvin, 123 Ga. 344 *577(51 S. E. 477). Eor these reasons, the plea of former, adjudication can not be sustained. No more can be said to have been determined in the former action than that the fence was being erected on Eggert’s land, and that for this reason Iiagenstein had the right to tear it down. The correct boundary then must have been farther north; how far was not decided nor involved, save as controverting the allegations of the petition of Eoss. The court did not establish it, and, as the boundary established in the present action was seven-tenths of a foot farther north, the plea of the former adjudication necessarily must fail, as the district court rightly decided. — Affirmed.
Weaver, J.
(dissenting). — I. Taking the statement of the issues in the former case as made in the majority opinion in this case as correct, it appears beyond reasonable doubt that the question there tried was not the simple inquiry whether the fence built by Eoss was on the line of the original survey. Iiagenstein planted his claims upon the proposition that the line was marked by a certain designated old fence, which he asserted had been maintained for years; while' Eoss upheld a certain designated line, which had been established by a .recent survey, and was marked by the fence with which Iiagenstein had interfered.
There was no suggestion or claim that by any possibility the true line was at any intermediate point. If Eoss was right, he was entitled to hold up to the new fence; neither more nor less. If he was wrong, it was only because Iiagenstein had succeeded in making good his claim that the old fence was the proper boundary, and the decision in favor of the latter was to all intents and purposes an adjudication that his contention had been established to the satisfaction of the court.
II. I especially deny that it is competent for this court, in disposing of the present appeal, to go back to the *578record of the former case, and pass upon the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the conclusion there reached. The majority in effect assume on this hearing to retry' that, case, and say that the trial court could not have sustained Hagenstein’s contention as to the location of the line, because, as we now read the .evidence, we would not be disposed to so hold; and this we do while admitting that the “evidence tended strongly to indicate that the government line was where the old fence had been erected.”
III. I further disagree with the -assumption that Hagenstein rested his claim to the- old fence line solely upon his plea of ten years acquiescence. It is true he made that plea. He also denied generally the claim made by Ross, and under that denial it was entirely competent for him to prove, if he could, that the true line of the original survey was at the old fence, This the majority opinion in effect concedes he did, and yet denies him the benefit of the fact so established, because, as we now view that record, he did not also establish his other plea of acquiescence.
As I view it, the subject matter of the controversy now before us is identical with that which the court passed upon and determined in the former case. To say that having once fought out their conflicting claims as to the location of the line, and ■ the question having been determined in defendant’s favor, yet that judgment effectuates nothing, except to negative the claim of Ross to the particular mathematical line which he then asserted, and that all he has to do in order to regain standing in court and compel defendant to try the s-ame matter over again is to retreat an inch or six inches, or a foot, from his former line of battle, and there renew the struggle, unembarrassed by plea of former adjudication, is indeed a lame and impotent conclusion.
The judgment below ought to be reversed.