MILDRED HENRY MATSEN, Appellant, v. E. C. “EZ” KAISER, Respondent.
No. 39453.
En Banc.
July 25, 1968.
Petition for rehearing denied October 1, 1968.
74 Wash.2d 231 | 443 P.2d 843
Gavin, Robinson, Kendrick, Redman & Mays, by Leo C. Kendrick, for respondent.
HALE, J.-In 1909, the legislature, hoping to promote uprightness in public affairs, declared that any public officer convicted of a felony or malfeasance in office would not only forfeit but thenceforth be disqualified from holding public office.
The conviction of a public officer of any felony or malfeasance in office shall entail, in addition to such other penalty as may be imposed, the forfeiture of his office, and shall disqualify him from ever afterward holding any public office in this state. (Italics ours.)
RCW 9.92.120 .
It is now invoked against the Sheriff of Klickitat County to oust him from office. Coming here on an agreed statement of facts (Rule on Appeal 34(4), RCW vol. 0), the case was initiated by plaintiff as an election contest under
An agreed statement of facts constitutes the record of appeal now before us and includes, inter alia, the findings of fact, conclusions of law and the trial court‘s oral opinion. From them we gather what happened.
For several years prior to August 21, 1961, E. C. Kaiser had been the elected and legally qualified Sheriff of Klickitat County. August 21, 1961, he resigned that office. More than 1 year later, by supplemental information, the prosecuting attorney charged him with violating
April 9, 1963, more than a year and one half after he had resigned the office of sheriff, Kaiser entered a plea of guilty to the supplemental information, and the court deferred the imposition of sentence for 6 months and placed him on probation. Two provisions of the order receiving and entering Kaiser‘s plea of guilty and granting probation tend more than the others to produce the problem here. The first such provision stated:
NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS THE JUDGMENT OF THIS COURT That the Defendant, E. C. Kaiser, is guilty of the crime of Misappropriation of Public Record by a Public Officer, as charged, and . . . .
The order then placed the defendant on probation for 6 months, specifying terms and conditions. It contained a proviso that, in case of a breach of strict compliance, the defendant would be subject to immediate apprehension and imposition and execution of sentence on his plea of guilty. The second crucial provision stated:
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED That if the said Defendant fulfills and faithfully complies with all of the terms and conditions herein set forth, he may, at the expiration of the period of probation, be permitted, in the sound discretion of this Court, to withdraw his plea of guilty and enter a plea of not guilty and this Court may thereupon dismiss the information filed herein and if such is done, the said Defendant shall thereafter be released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from this offense; . . . .
ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED That the above-entitled cause charging the defendant herein with the crime of Misappropriation of Public Records by a Public Officer be, and the same is hereby dismissed and the defendant is discharged from further attendance herein and is released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the filing of said charge.
Appellant contends that the statutes conferring jurisdiction on the court to grant probation (
Appellant argues, too, that not only would a plea of guilty to a felony charge duly received and entered constitute a conviction of felony or establish malfeasance in office, but says that the court made a specific finding of guilt in declaring that the “Defendant, E. C. Kaiser, is guilty of the crime of Misappropriation of Public Record by a Public Officer.” This judicial declaration of guilt, however, set forth as it was in the order granting probation should not, without more, be treated as a judgment and sentence. The finding, based upon a plea of guilty, that the defendant was guilty, although legally sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the court to defer sentencing and grant probation, obviously did not, when standing alone, constitute a judgment and sentence. While a finding of guilt is ordinarily essential to imposition of a sentence, it did not in this instance represent the court‘s final adjudication of guilt in the premises.
Did the entry and the court‘s acceptance of the sheriff‘s plea of guilty to a felony charge, when followed by deferment of sentence, probation, withdrawal of plea, dismissal of the information and removal of all penalties and disabilities, amount to a conviction of felony under
Certainly from both a moral and legal standpoint, a plea of guilty, or a jury verdict of guilty, in one sense constitutes a conviction, for the same statute which permits the court to expunge the conviction and dismiss the information on fulfillment of probation expressly declares that such plea or verdict will count as a conviction in any subsequent prosecution.
One of the principal reasons supporting a forfeiture of office pending appeal undoubtedly is that a strong presumption of validity supports the judgment of a court of record. It would create an absurdity in government to allow one whose guilt has been established by judgment and sentence to continue in a public office during his appeal. It is simply a matter of balancing two possible harms: the possible unfairness of an individual‘s loss of public office during the remainder of his term against the inherent danger to the
But the seeming conflict between a case which holds that immediately upon conviction of any felony or malfeasance in office a public officer forfeits his office and the present case is illusory, because in the former a judgment and sentence is actually imposed upon the defendant, whereas here there has been no judgment and sentence. Thus, the word conviction in criminal statutes has more than one meaning; it may mean a finding of guilt in one situation-as in a verdict or plea of guilty-or in other circumstances and in a different context may mean a formal finding or declaration of guilt-as in a judgment and sentence. State ex rel. Brown v. Superior Court, 79 Wash. 570, 140 Pac. 555 (1914).
For most purposes, therefore, there exists a distinction between the legal effect of a deferred sentence, that is, one in which imposition of sentence is deferred, and a suspended sentence, where the court actually imposes a sentence but suspends its execution. In assessing one‘s rights to vote or hold public office, we would say that a deferred sentence is no bar, whereas a suspended sentence would be a conviction. In re Richetti v. New York State Bd. of Parole, 300 N.Y. 357, 90 N.E.2d 893 (1950); Truchon v. Toomey, 116 Cal. App. 2d 736, 254 P.2d 638, 36 A.L.R.2d 1230 (1953).
In the instant case, the acceptance and entry of defendant‘s plea of guilty by the superior court was followed by an order deferring the imposition of sentence; a granting of probation; a finding of successful probation; a permitted withdrawal of his plea of guilty; entry of a plea of not guilty; the issuance of an order dismissing the information to which the plea of guilty had been entered; and a judicial decree releasing the defendant from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the filing of the information. When these procedures are considered in connection with the defendant‘s right to hold office or ouster therefrom under
Affirmed.
HUNTER, J., concurs.
HAMILTON, J. (concurring)-I concur in the ultimate result reached by the majority, i.e., that respondent is presently entitled to hold the office of Sheriff of Klickitat County, to which he was duly elected by the voters of that county on November 8, 1966, some 3 years after the order of the superior court dismissing his earlier conviction. This result, in my view, does not spring from any sophisticated distinction laboriously drawn between pleas or verdicts of guilty and convictions, or between sentencing procedures. Instead, it seems to me, it flows rather effortlessly from the simple fact that the legislature has provided by
Every defendant who has fulfilled the conditions of his probation . . . may at any time prior to the expiration of the maximum period of punishment for the offense . . . be permitted in the discretion of the court to withdraw his plea of guilty and enter a plea of not guilty, or if he has been convicted after a plea of not guilty, the court may in its discretion set aside the verdict of guilty; and in either case, the court may thereupon dismiss the information or indictment against such defendant, who shall thereafter be released from all penalties and disabilities resulting from the offense or crime of which he has been convicted. . . . Provided, That in any subsequent prosecution, for any other offense, such prior conviction may be pleaded and proved, and shall have the same effect as if probation had not been granted, or the information or indictment dismissed. (Italics mine.)
This statute is a legislative expression of public policy in the field of criminal law and rehabilitation. It undertakes, in unambiguous terms, to restore a deserving offender to his preconviction status as a full-fledged citizen. The only exception to the statutory release of all penalties and disabilities attendant upon a conviction is found in the proviso, which is not applicable in the instant case.
The conviction of a public officer of any felony or malfeasance in office shall entail, in addition to such other penalty as may be imposed, the forfeiture of his office, and shall disqualify him from ever afterward holding any public office in this state. (Italics mine.)
The language utilized by the legislature would appear to indicate that it equated the consequences provided by the statute with the term “penalty,” and the import of that term as generally recognized in criminal law parlance. And, it would also appear that the legislature contemplated that two distinct penalties would follow the criminal conviction of a public officer, i.e., (1) forfeiture of the office then held, and (2) disqualification from afterward holding any other public office.
In applying
By analogy then, it seems to me that if the legislature in its wisdom sees fit to provide a statutory method by which all penalties and disabilities engraved upon a criminal conviction, save a specified one, may, under certain conditions, be wholly erased it ought logically to follow that the erasure embraces the disability of the future disqualification feature of
The net effect, therefore, of an adjudication of felony guilt and the entry of an order of deferred sentence involving an individual holding public office should be the immediate forfeiture of that individual‘s office and a disqualification from holding any public office during any probationary period and until such time as the individual qualified for and received the order of dismissal provided for by
The same harmonious accommodation would not, however, seem to follow the approach of the majority opinion; for, as I read the opinion, the majority‘s reasoning leads to the probable continuation in office of a public official, who, after being adjudged guilty of a felony, receives an order of deferred sentence, which, incidentally, may or may not include a jail sentence as a condition thereof. This unusual result tends to defeat the wholesome purpose and policy of
For the reasons stated, I concur with the majority only in the conclusion that respondent-having been timely released from all pertinent penalties and disabilities flowing from his conviction-is not now disqualified from serving in the office to which he was elected by the voters of Klickitat County.
FINLEY, C. J., NEILL, and MCGOVERN, JJ., concur with HAMILTON, J.
HILL, J. (dissenting)-I dissent. The majority opinion is a labored explanation of when a conviction is not a conviction, which I do not find convincing.
The question should be: When does a disqualification to hold public office cease to be a disqualification?
The statute with which we are concerned is set forth on the first page of the majority opinion and says that the “conviction of a public officer of any felony or malfeasance in office” entails the forfeiture of his office and disqualification from ever after holding any public office in this state.
We were adamant as flint about this statute meaning what it says in State ex rel. Carroll v. Simmons, 61 Wn.2d 146, 377 P.2d 421 (1962), and State ex rel. Zempel v. Twitchell, 59 Wn.2d 419, 367 P.2d 985 (1962).
We are adamant as putty in the present case where “Ez” Kaiser, after resigning as Sheriff of Klickitat County, plead guilty to misappropriating a public record while occupying that position. This offense is conceded to be a felony and, obviously, constitutes misfeasance in office. A judgment of conviction was entered on that plea. However, there is ample authority that a plea of guilty in itself constitutes a conviction. In 21 Am. Jur. 2d Criminal Law § 495, at 484, it is said:
In short, a plea of guilty is an admission or a confession of guilt, and as conclusive as a verdict of a jury; it admits all material fact averments of the accusation, leaving no issue for the jury, except in those instances where the
extent of the punishment is to be imposed or found by the jury.
This court has said:
Such plea is a confession of guilt and is equivalent to a conviction, leaving no issue for the jury, except in those instances where the extent of the punishment is to be imposed or found by the jury. By pleading guilty the defendant admits the acts well pleaded in the charge, waives all defenses other than that the indictment or information charges no offense, and waives the right to trial and the incidents thereof. In re Brandon v. Webb, 23 Wn.2d 155, 160, 160 P.2d 529 (1945)
The majority upholds Kaiser‘s right to now hold the office of sheriff, to which he has been re-elected, urging that having been placed on probation following his conviction and having satisfactorily completed the probationary period, the conviction and the offense can be and were wiped out as provided in
The majority has quite forgotten our rather critical appraisal-in the Twitchell case, supra-of the courts in a few jurisdictions that “have yielded to sentimentality or empathy for public officials.” We pointed out in that case that
I am aware of our decision in Tembruell v. Seattle, 64 Wn.2d 503, 392 P.2d 453 (1964), holding that a plea of guilty is not a conviction under
I also question the constitutionality of a statute giving to the courts the pardoning power (the wiping out of a conviction). The pardoning power is vested in the Governor “under such regulations and restrictions as may be provided by law.”
With some questioning,2 it seems to be the rule that the exercise of the constitutional pardoning power by the Governor can restore eligibility to public office lost by the conviction for certain crimes. State ex rel. Cloud v. State Election Bd., 169 Okla. 363, 36 P.2d 20, 94 A.L.R. 1007 (1934). The legislature cannot restore such eligibility. Ferguson v. Wilcox, 119 Tex. 280, 28 S.W.2d 526 (1930). I find no authority that the courts can constitutionally do so. Suspend or defer sentences, yes; restore eligibility to office after conviction, no!
I would direct the trial court to enter a judgment of ouster and remove Mr. Kaiser as the Sheriff of Klickitat County.
WEAVER and ROSELLINI, JJ., concur with HILL, J.