94 Mo. 520 | Mo. | 1887
The petition states that plaintiff, in the year 1873, was treasurer of the county of St. Louis, and that defendant was, at the same time, presiding justice of the county court of said county, ■ and also president of the Citizens’ Savings Bank, a banking institution in the city of St. Louis; that one Dennis Fitzpatrick was a creditor of said county to the amount of seven thousand dollars, and had a county warrant therefor in November, 1873, upon plaintiff as treasurer of said county; that, previously to the issuance of this warrant, and on or about October 23, 1873, the said county court had allowed three thousand.dollars of said seven thousand dollar claim in favor of said Fitzpatrick, and made an informal order recognizing said amount of three thousand dollars as due him; that subsequently, said Fitzpatrick obtained a loan from said bank, depositing as collateral for the loan a duly certified copy of said order for three thousand dollars; that thereafter, and on or about November 22, 1873, defendant requested plaintiff to pay three thousand dollars of the amount. of the aforesaid seven thousand dollars out of the funds in plaintiff’s hands as treasurer, and to pay the same into said bank, to the end that Fitzpatrick’s indebtedness to the bank might be thereby liquidated. The defendant left with plaintiff at the same time the said copy of the order for three thousand dollars, which Fitzpatrick had previously left at the bank; that, as a matter of favor to defendant, plaintiff complied with this request, and paid said three thousand dollars into bank out of the county funds on the said twenty-second of November, 1873, and instructed his clerk, whose duty it was to pay warrants on the treasury, to pay but four thousand dollars on Fitzpatrick’s warrant of seven thousand dollars, and to deliver up to said Fitzpatrick said copy of the county order, which plaintiff left with his clerk for that purpose ; but plaintiff says that said
Defendant’s answer denies all the material averments of plaintiff’s petition, except, that plaintiff was treasurer as aforesaid, and that he was presiding justice ■and president of the said bank ; and pleads the statute of limitations of five years. The reply denies all allegations of new matter in the answer. After hearing the evidence in the cause, the trial court found the issues for the defendant, and dismissed the petition. Three grounds were made the basis for a rehearing of the cause: (1) That, on the weight of testimony, the court
I. There was no error in rejecting the questions as-to whether the plaintiff regarded the banking-house of Taussig, Graup & Company as a safe and reliable house, at the time he made deposits there. This question was-wholly irrelevant to the issue joined, which was whether the defendant had obtained the three thousand dollars-mentioned in the petition, and converted the same to his own use. The deposit mentioned was one connected with a controversy with the county, and not at all connected with the case at bar. Counsel for plaintiff claim than they had a right to ask the question in order to show plaintiff’s good faith in- making the deposit, because they say an attack had been made on the credibility of the plaintiff, based upon the ground that he • was' a defaulter. This assertion is not borne out by the-record; on the contrary, the record is express on the - point that the court refused to allow defendant’s counsel to show specific acts in order to affect the credibility of the witness. Specific acts of either good or ■ bad faith could not be used to uphold, or break down,, the credibility of the witness.
II. On a certain point objection was made to the-testimony of the witness, Chassaing. He was note-clerk and general bookkeeper in the Citizens’ Bank. He testified that his duty was to take charge of the notes and collaterals belonging to the bank, and enter up the discounts in a book kept for that purpose. It was also his custom, as such officer of the bank, when collateral notes matured, to enter them on the teller’s blotter, and hand the notes and collateral over to the teller early in the morning of the day of their maturity, to be delivered by the teller to the parties paying the notes. He stated he had examined certain entries in those books
Asked then, by the court, if he spoke from his recollection of the fact, or because, seeing the entry in the book, he thought that was the way in which the business must of necessity have been done ; the witness responded: “I can only say that, from seeing the entry here in my handwriting, that leads me to think that I turned over the collateral with the note.” This answer was objected to as incompetent, and error is assigned upon it. G-reenleaf says : “In fine, it is presumed, until the contrary is proved, that every man obeys the mandate of the law, and performs all his official and social duties. The like presumption is also drawn from the usual course of men’s private offices and business, where the primary evidence of the fact is wanting.” 1 Gfreenl. Evid., sec. 40. Elsewhere, the same author, continuing to speak on the same subject, says: “ * -x- * This class of presumptions embraces all the connections and relations between the facts proved and the hypothesis stated and defended, whether they ar'e mechanical and physical, or of a purely moral nature. It is that which prevails in the ordinary affairs of life, ■namely, the process of ascertaining one fact from the
Another autho r says“If the memory of a witness is defective concerning an act which it is of importance to prove, as having occurred at a particular time, or under certain circumstances, it would seem that his custom to do that act at the time or under the circumstances alleged, should be of weight in raising an inference that the act was then performed,- and evidence Of the habit ought, therefore, to be allowed.” Lawson’s Us. & Oust. 78. In Ins. Co. v. Robinson, 56 Pa. St. 256, the question was, whether notice of an additional insurance had been given. The witness called to prove the giving of the notice could not say whether he had done so in that case, adding: “It was my custom to do so, to avert any future trouble.” ■ The trial court allowed this testimony. On appeal, this ruling was affirmed, Strong, J., remarking: “We think it not uncommon in practice to corroborate the defective memory of a witness by proof of what was his habit in similar circumstances. Thus, a subscribing witness to a awill or a bond, if unable to recollect whether he saw the testator or obligor sign the instrument, or heard it acknowledged, is often permitted to testify to his own habit never to sign as a witness without seeing the party sign whose signature he attests, or hearing that signature acknowledged, and it seems to be persuasive and legitimate supporting evidence.”
Relative to the language of the witness in response to the question asked by the court, it is really immaterial, under the authorities cited, whether he was able
But there is authority for upholding the ruling of the trial court in receiving the answer of the witness. Thus in Bank v. Cowan, 7 Humph. (Tenn.) 70, the question was, whether the witness, a notary, had protested a note for non-payment, and directed notices to the endorsers. He could not swear that he had a recollection of having done so, but stated that it was his habit to make such entries in his notarial book, on the happening of the ev ent in such cases, and that he ‘ ‘ believed ’ ’ that he had done‘so in the particular instance, because he found in his notarial book, the usual entries of protest and notice; and this was held good evidence. The reply of the witness, Chassaing, is tantamount, in effect, to that of the notary in the case just cited. See also, Ferris v. Thaw, 72 Mo. 446.
III. Now in relation to the main point made in this case, that the trial- court erred in its conclusion on the facts : Plaintiff’s cause of action arose in 1878, when the “shortage” of three thousand dollars occurred. He was aware of the shortage in 1874, when he went opt-
In addition to that, this record shows that Mathias and Dougherty were defaulters ; the latter having been discharged on that account, and the former had been a sojourner in Mexico. And although the credibility of-these witnesses could not ■ fee attacked on this specific ground, yet the circumstance that these witnesses were defaulters was entitled to be considered by the trial court in determining what credibility ought to be given to their testimony. Moreover, Dougherty’s affidavit in relation to the facts in this case, made in May, 1884, at Indianapolis, is totally inconsistent with what he testified to on the trial. This record is a tangle of contradictions ; but looking over the testimony, I am per
For these reasons the judgment should be affirmed.