439 Mass. 309 | Mass. | 2003
Safety Insurance Company (Safety) appeals from the grant of summary judgment to the plaintiff, the Massachusetts Insurers Insolvency Fund (Fund). On cross motions for summary judgment, a judge in the Superior Court decided that Safety was required to pay to its policyholder uninsured motor vehicle benefits because the operator of the vehicle that struck him was uninsured, even though the owner of that vehicle carried insurance. Safety appealed and we granted its application for direct appellate review. We reverse.
1. Background. These facts are not disputed. On August 9,
Seale first pursued the insurance of the U-Haul truck’s owner, and demanded from Republic Western payment of the limit of that policy; Republic Western agreed to pay. Seale then pursued the insurance of Bruton, the operator, and demanded from Trust payment of the limit of the Trust policy. Trust, however, was subsequently adjudged to be insolvent by this court, effective August 2, 2000. By reason of G. L. c. 175D, the Fund became obligated to pay certain “covered claims”
The Fund rejected Seale’s claim. It reasoned as follows. The
Seale then made demand on Safety for UM benefits. Safety denied coverage, stating that, because Republic Western insured the U-Haul truck and was not insolvent, UM benefits did not obtain.
The Fund then filed a complaint for a declaratory judgment under G. L. c. 231 A, seeking declarations to the effect that UM coverage is available under the Safety policy and that the Fund has no obligation to pay. Safety counterclaimed, seeking a declaration that no UM coverage is available to Seale.
2. Discussion. The issue in this case is whether an injured party is entitled to UM benefits under his automobile insurance policy when the vehicle that caused the accident is insured by the owner, but the operator of that vehicle is not separately insured.
The policy at issue is the standard policy. Its language is controlled by the Commissioner of Insurance. Thus, the UM provision is not construed against the insurance company, but in conformity with the statute, G. L. c. 175, § 113L, which dictates its content. Murphy v. Safety Ins. Co., 429 Mass. 517, 522 n.6 (1999). We interpret the policy according to the “fair meaning of the language used, as applied to the subject matter.” Davis v. Allstate Ins. Co., 434 Mass. 174, 179 (2001), quoting Bilodeau v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 392 Mass. 537, 541 (1984). The UM provision in the Safety policy (Part 3), states, in relevant part:
“Part 3. Bodily Injury Caused By An Uninsured Auto
“Sometimes an owner or operator of an auto legally responsible for an accident is uninsured. Some accidents involve unidentified hit-and-run autos. Under this Part, we will pay damages for bodily injury to people injured or killed in certain accidents caused by uninsured or hit-and-run autos. We will pay only if the injured person is legally entitled to recover from' the owner or operator of the uninsured or hit-and-run auto. . . . Sometimes the company insuring the auto responsible for an accident will . . . become insolvent. We consider such an auto to be uninsured for purposes of this Part. . . .”
The portion of the statute requiring UM coverage, G. L. c. 175, § 113L (1), states, in relevant part:
*313 “No policy shall be issued or delivered . . . unless [it] provides coverage [in stated amounts] under provisions approved by the insurance commissioner, for the protection of persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor vehicles . . . and . . . such coverage shall include an insured motor vehicle where the liability insurer thereof [is insolvent].”
We conclude that both the statute and the Safety policy contemplate that UM benefits apply only when the motor vehicle is uninsured. Under the statute, UM benefits must be provided when (1) the insured is legally entitled to recover damages for certain injuries from the owner or operator of a motor vehicle and (2) the motor vehicle responsible for the accident is uninsured.
The judge erred when he construed the word “uninsured” to modify “owner or operator.” It describes the vehicle. Section 113L refers unambiguously to “uninsured motor vehicles” and “insured motor vehicle[s]” (emphases added). Similarly, the Safety policy statement that UM benefits will be provided only if the injured party is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an “uninsured . . . auto,” speaks of the “company insuring the auto” becoming insolvent, and states that it considers “such an auto” to be uninsured (emphases added). The first sentence of the Safety policy’s UM provision, which speaks of an owner or operator’s being uninsured, contains the only language supporting the Fund’s position. This is an inartful shorthand reference to uninsured vehicles. The “fair meaning” of this part of the policy, read as a whole and in the context of the insurance scheme in Massachusetts, makes this abundantly clear.
Massachusetts requires the insurance of motor vehicles. E.g., G. L. c. 90, § 1A (requiring liability insurance before vehicle registration); § 3 (vehicles owned by non-residents); § 34C (single policy covering more than one vehicle); § 34D (deposit of cash in lieu of liability bond or policy); § 34H (revocation of registration on cancellation of insurance policy); § 34J (penalizing operating an uninsured vehicle)', § 340 (property damage liability coverage); § 34P (seizure of registration plates of
The 1959 Report of the Special Commission Relative to the Motor Vehicle Laws and the Insurance Laws as They Relate to Motor Vehicles, which both Safety and the Fund cite, contemplated the effect of changing the laws to insure the individual driver instead of the vehicle.
It is true, as the Fund notes, that St. 1968, c. 643, § 5, which inserted G. L. c. 175, § 113L, was entitled, “An Act. . . requiring compulsory insurance coverage for damages caused by uninsured motorists” (emphasis added). But this tells only part of the story. When UM coverage first became available in the Commonwealth the statute’s title referred to “operators of
We reject the Fund’s argument that G. L. c. 175D, § 9 (see note 3, supra) bars Seale from recovering from the Fund. That statute, which requires exhaustion of other policies before recovery from the Fund, is inapplicable. See Vokey v. Massachusetts Insurers Insolvency Fund, 381 Mass. 386, 389-390 (1980). The exhaustion requirement applies only when a person has a claim against his insurer. Here, because the U-Haul truck was insured by a solvent insurer, Republic Western, Seale has
The Fund suggests that our interpretation renders less protection to persons in the case of insolvent insurers than in the case of unidentified vehicles. This is not correct. A person in Seale’s position remains protected; he simply must look to the Fund to recover rather than to his UM benefits. It is true that Seale would have been able to recover UM benefits had Bruton fled the scene, and therefore been “unidentified,” but such is the nature of hit-and-run accidents. Seale would not have recovered from the owner’s insurer in that case. Thus, he may in fact be better off now that he can recover from two “legally responsible” entities, the owner and the operator. “However, the statute and the policy prescribed by it. . .are clear.” Alguila v. Safety Ins. Co., 416 Mass. 494, 499 (1993). Any argument about “irrational outcomes” must be addressed to the Legislature. See id.
The result reached here does not conflict with G. L. c. 175, § 113L (4).
3. Conclusion. In cases where the legally responsible operator of a motor vehicle is not the owner of that vehicle, the relevant inquiry for applicability of UM benefits is whether the motor vehicle was insured. In this case, the U-Haul truck was insured by Republic Western. No UM benefits were available.
The judgment is vacated. A declaration shall enter that no UM coverage is available under the Safety policy.
So ordered.
There is no stipulation to this effect, but the parties so proceed.
The statute defines a “[c]overed claim” as: “an unpaid claim, including one for unearned premiums, which arises out of and is within the coverage of an insurance policy to which this chapter applies issued by an insurer, if such insurer becomes an insolvent insurer and (a) the claimant or insured is a resident of the commonwealth; or (b) the property from which the claim arises is permanently located in the commonwealth. ‘Covered claim’ shall not include any amount due any . . . insurer . . . .” G. L. c. 175D, § 1 (2).
“Any person having a claim against his insurer under any insolvency provision in his insurance policy which is also a covered claim shall be required to exhaust first his right under such policy. Any amount payable on a covered claim under this chapter shall be reduced by the amount of such recovery under the claimant’s insurance policy.” G. L. c. 175D, § 9.
There are cross claims that need not be detailed. Seale sought a declaration that uninsured motor vehicle (UM) benefits are available, and Safety cross-claimed against both Seale and Bruton, seeking a declaration that no UM benefits are available.
Seale supported the Fund’s position. Bruton did not respond to the summary judgment motions. Neither Seale nor Bruton has appealed.
We do not consider the reverse situation in which the carrier of the policy insuring the vehicle through the vehicle’s owner is insolvent but the operator is insured by a solvent carrier.
For instance, Part 2 of the Safety policy, which governs compulsory “Personal Injury Protection” benefits, protects the policyholder and household members if injured while occupying a vehicle that does not have Massachusetts compulsory insurance. See G. L. c. 90, § 34A (defining “[p]ersonal injury protection”).
For example, Part 5 of the Safety policy, which governs optional bodily injury coverage, compensates “people injured or killed in accidents” if the policyholder or a member of his household is legally responsible for the accident. In fact, it was this optional provision in the Trust policy that covers Bruton’s operation of the U-Haul truck. Gleed v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 418 Mass. 503, 508-509 & n.5 (1994) (Part 5 generally covers permissive use of third party’s vehicle).
We acknowledge that automobile insurance law in the Commonwealth has substantially changed since 1959, with the advent of “no-fault” insurance. The point made above, however, remains relevant.
Statute 1966, c. 260, inserted G. L. c. 90, § 34L. The UM provision (with amendments) was later recodified at G. L. c. 175, § 113L. St. 1968, c. 643, §§ 5 and 6.
General Laws c. 175, § 113L (4), reads, in pertinent part:
“In the event of payment to any person under the coverage provided by this section and subject to the terms and conditions of such coverage, the insurer making such payment shall, to the extent thereof, be entitled to the proceeds of any settlement or judgment resulting from the exercise of any rights of recovery of such person against any person or organization legally responsible for the bodily injury for which such payment is made, including the proceeds recoverable from the assets of the insolvent insurer; provided, however, that*317 ... the insurer shall not be entitled to any such proceeds unless and until the person insured . . . has received full compensation for his injuries . . . .”