113 P. 92 | Idaho | 1910
— This action was instituted by the plaintiff, who is respondent here, for the recovery of damages sustained to his lands and the lands of his assignors. A verdict was returned, and judgment thereupon entered in favor of the plaintiff in the sum of $3,750. Defendant moved for a new trial and thereupon appealed from the judgment and an order denying its motion.
Damages were asked for injury committed by the defendant upon the lands of the plaintiff and his assignors in cutting
As to some of these matters there is but little or no conflict in the. evidence, while as to others there is a sharp conflict. For example, it is contended by the appellant 'and testified to by some of its witnesses that the damage and evil effects resulting from the improvement of the streams and the use of these splash-dams and the floating of logs down the stream were not materially greater after appellant entered upon the work and improved the streams than before, and that it had always happened in the springtime, when the waters were high, that the lands of the respondent and his assignors were flooded and overflowed and that more or less bark, logs and debris were deposited on his land. The respondent, on the other hand, testifies that there is a most material and substantial increase in the damage that he has sustained, both from overflow and the deposit of sand and logs and debris, and particularly from the washing away of his land by reason of the impairment of the banks of the streams flowing through his lands and flooding from the splash-dams.
The appellant relies for reversal of the judgment on two principal' propositions: First, that it entered upon and im
The respondent, on the other hand, contends that the act of the legislature under which appellants secured their license and franchise is unconstitutional, in that it authorizes the taking of private property without compensation, and, second, that the acts of the respondent do not constitute an estoppel. Turning our attention, first, to the act of the legislature under which appellant procured its franchise, the inquiry at once arises as to whether this act attempted to do more than to authorize the deepening and improvement of the bed of the stream, and if it was intended by the act to authorize an improvement company in any way to enter upon the lands of the riparian proprietor or to interfere with the banks of the stream and the growing timber. It is apparent at once that if the act attempts to authorize the company securing the franchise to enter upon the lands of riparian proprietors or to interfere with their littoral rights f?or to cut or remove timber, then the act would be unconstitutional and a plain violation of see. 14, art. 1, of the state constitution, which forbids the taking of private property without first paying a just compensation therefor. (See Garth Lumber & Shingle Co. v. Johnson, 151 Mich. 205, 123 Am. St. 262, 115 N. W. 52; De Camp v. Thompson, 16 App. Div. 528, 44 N. Y. Supp. 1014; Smith v. Atkins, 110 Ky. 119, 96 Am. St. 424, 60 S. W. 930, 53 L. R. A. 790.) As we view this case, it is not necessary for us to determine whether or not the act of February
In La Veine v. Stack-Gibbs Lumber Co., 17 Ida. 51, 134 Am. St. 253, 104 Pac. 666, this court had under consideration the act of a defendant in entering upon the lands of a riparian proprietor and building a dam for the purpose of impounding the waters and flooding the stream. In passing upon that question, the court, among other things, said:
“The fact that it would be more convenient and cheaper for defendants to float their logs down this stream over plaintiff’s premises than to remove them in any other way affords no reason whatever for their trespassing upon plaintiff’s premises and building dams thereon and maintaining*39 guards to protect the same and flooding his premises. There can be no question but that they have a right to float their logs down the stream when it is navigable. (Powell v. Springston Lbr. Co., 12 Ida. 723, 88 Pac. 97; Johnson v. Johnson, 14 Ida. 561, 95 Pac. 499, 24 L. R. A., N. S., 1240.) But this right gives them no license to trespass upon plaintiff’s lands and erect structures thereon and to go and come through and over his premises without let or hindrance. They should be required to respect the private rights of property just the same as anyone else, and the fact that they owned lumber about Lake Fernán or millions of feet of logs floating in the lake, furnishes no reason, pretext or excuse whatever for their turning trespassers and wrongdoers themselves and riding over the rights of others.”
Kamm v. Normand, 50 Or. 9, 126 Am. St. 698, 91 Pac. 448, 11 L. R. A., N. S., 290, is a ease somewhat similar in facts and very much in point on the questions of law involved in the case under consideration. After considering what constitutes a public highway for floatage or a navigable stream for the floating of logs and lumber, Mr. Chief Justice Bean, speaking for the court, said:
“But a stream which is not such a highway cannot be made one by the use of dams or other artificial means, without first acquiring the rights of riparian proprietors. (1 Farnham on Waters, see. 139.) Nor can a stream, navigable in its natural condition at certain stages of the water, be made so at other times by artificial means, such as flooding and the like. No one has a right to store water, and then suddenly release the accumulation, and thus increase the natural volume of the stream, and overflow, injure or wash the adjoining banks, or otherwise interfere with the rights of riparian owners. The riparian proprietor is entitled to the enjoyment of the natural flow of the stream with no burden or hindrance imposed by artificial means.....Dams, dikes, embankments and the like may be constructed in or along floatable streams to facilitate their use (Union Power Co. v. Lichty, 42 Or. 563, 71 Pac. 1044), but not to the extent of injuring the riparian proprietors by retarding the flow of*40 the water or sending it down in increased volumes to his injury or at times when the stream would not otherwise be navigable. And this rule is not changed by the fact that a stream cannot be successfully used for logging purposes without such artificial aids to navigation on the ground of necessity.”
For an exhaustive review of this and kindred questions, see note to the foregoing ease commencing at page 710 of vol. 126, Am. St. Reports. It must be borne in mind that what is here said has no reference to water rights acquired by appropriation or the right to flow water through natural channels under appropriation of waters to a beneficial use.
It has been repeatedly held in this state that “navigable streams are public highways over which every citizen has a right to carry commerce, whether it be by boats or the simple floating of logs,” and that any stream which, in its natural state, will float logs or any other commercial and floatable commodity is for the time and to that extent a navigable stream. (Powell v. Springston Lbr. Co., 12 Ida. 723, 88 Pac. 97; Johnson v. Johnson, 14 Ida. 561, 95 Pac. 499, 24 L. R. A., N. S., 1240; Shepard v. Coeur d’Alene Lbr. Co., 16 Ida. 293, 101 Pac. 591; La Veine v. Stack-Gibbs Lbr. Co., 17 Ida. 51, 134 Am. St. 253, 104 Pac. 666.) It would not be proper or lawful, however, for an individual or corporation, whether acting under a franchise from the state or not, to so increase the flow of a stream by splash-dams or otherwise as to overflow, flood and damage the lands of a riparian proprietor, nor would it be lawful for such person or corporation to, by means of dams or otherwise, so flood a stream and increase its flow at a season of the year when- in its natural state it is not capable of floating logs or other articles of commerce as to overflow the banks of the stream or injure or damage the. lands of another. (See Kamm v. Normand, 50 Or. 9, 126 Am. St. 698, 91 Pac. 448, 11 L. R. A., N. S., 290, and eases there cited.)
Some evidence was offered on behalf of appellant tending to show that the principal damage respondent suffered on account of the overflow and the deposit of logs and debris
But it is contended that the respondent is estopped from asserting this claim by reason of his action and conduct at the time the alterations, changes and improvements were being made in these streams. The acts out of which it is claimed an estoppel arises were merely acquiescence or inaction on the part of respondent rather than any affirmative
A very similar question was considered in Monroe Mill. Co. v. Menzel, 35 Wash. 487, 102 Am. St. 905, 77 Pac. 813, 70 L. R. A. 272, by the supreme court of Washington, and the court said: “The mere fact that he made no objection to clearing the bed of the stream from obstructions, or that he may even have assisted therein, does not necessarily establish that he consented that the floatage of the stream should be conducted in any other manner than as provided by the natural flow of the water. The further fact that he may have used the water, as it was sent down the stream by the occasional opening of the dam, during a period of about two years, does not establish his acquiescence in the continued interruption of the natural flow of the water, and amounts to no more than a mere license for a temporary interruption, revocable at will. Such facts do not contain the essential elements of estoppel.”
That ease is a much stronger case on the facts in favor of estoppel than this, and if, under the facts as stated in the opinion, there was no estoppel in that case, there certainly is no element of estoppel in this case. But independent of any authority on the question, it is clear to us that the mere fact that respondent stood by and saw the beds of these streams deepened and widened and cleaned out did not amount to his giving his consent that they might impound the water miles above his place and turn it loose and drive down the stream with great rapidity millions of feet of lumber and flood and overflow his lands and cover them with sand, logs and debris. He had the right to assume that they
Something like 125 errors have been assigned in this case, but the briefs do not refer us to the page or folio of the record in which those exceptions are to be found, nor are they argued separately or specifically in the briefs. We have discussed the leading questions which have been considered in the briefs. We have found no error that would justify a reversal of the judgment in this case. The judgment will be affirmed, and it is so ordered. Costs awarded in favor of the respondent.