Following a jury trial, Luis A. Martinez was convicted of trafficking in cocaine, OCGA § 16-13-31 (a) (1). On appeal, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction and contends that the trial court errеd in failing to instruct the jury on the principle of circumstantial evidence set forth in OCGA § 24-4-6. We conclude that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction, but that the trial court’s failure to give the circumstantial evidence charge constituted reversible error.
1. On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and the defendant is no longer entitled to a presumption of innocence. See
Davis v. State,
So viewed, the evidence presented at trial shows that on the evening of February 6, 2004, an undercover deputy with the Lee County Sheriffs Office received information from a confidential informant that a kilo оf cocaine could be purchased from an individual named “Joe.” While in the deputy’s presence, the informant contacted Jose Martinez, also known as “Joe,” and asked about purchasing “a whоle one,” a slang term for one kilo of cocaine. After Jose told the informant the sales prices for the drug transaction would be $21,500, the informant told Jose that he would get back with him in the morning. The deputy and thе informant then discussed arrangements for consummating the transaction.
On the following morning, the deputy and the informant met again at the sheriffs office, and the informant placed another call to Jose. The infоrmant and Jose agreed to meet in the parking lot of a store located in Lee County. The deputy traveled with the informant to the parking lot and set up surveillance in the area with the assistance of other officers.
Later that morning, Jose contacted the informant and obtained driving directions to the parking lot. Jose called the informant again and they discussed the plans for the drug transaction. According to the informant, a vehicle would pull up beside the deputy’s vehicle, the deputy was to then give the money to Jose after which the drugs would be transferred through the car windows. Minutes later, Jose called thе informant a third time to advise that he was with his brother, Luis Martinez, and that Gerardo Marquez, also known as “Lalo,” was following them. The informant advised the deputy that the Martinez brothers would be driving a brown Ford Expedition sports utility vehicle (“SUV”), that Marquez would likely be driving a white vehicle belonging to Jose’s wife, and that the drugs would be in the vehicle driven by Marquez.
Shortly thereafter, a brown Ford Expedition SUV and a white Ford Mustang entered the store parking lоt. Luis was driving the brown SUV Jose was seated in the front passenger seat. Marquez was driving the white vehicle that trailed behind them. The officers did not see any other vehicles matching the informant’s descriptions in the area. As the officers continued to watch the vehicles, Luis “circled around [the parking lot] ... as if [he was] conducting surveillance.” Luis drove his vehicle directly in front of a patrol vehicle occupied by an undеrcover officer. Although the patrol vehicle was unmarked, its windows were clear and the officer was wearing a badge and a bulletproof vest that had “Sheriffs Office” visibly inscribed across its front. Luis looked dirеctly at the officer, observed his badge, and then accelerated his vehicle, rapidly progressing toward the parking lot exit. Marquez also fled in the vehicle he was driving.
Following a brief pursuit, the officers stopped the vehicles and Luis, Jose, and Marquez were apprehended. The officers searched the white vehicle driven by Marquez and recovered a bag of cocaine and two cell phones that were in plain view on the front passenger seat. Approximately $700 in United States currency was recovered from Marquez’s person. The officers recovered two cell phones аnd $2,165.25 in United States currency from the brown SUV driven by Luis. No drugs were found in the brown SUV
The investigating deputy later reviewed the call logs from the recovered cell phones. The call logs reflected the multiple calls that Jose had exchanged with the informant and Marquez during the time period in which the drug transaction was arranged.
Scientific testing of the cocaine seized by the officers showed that it weighed 996 grams and contained cocaine of 69.9 percent purity.
Luis, Jose, and Marquez were jointly charged with the offense of trafficking in cocaine. Marquez entered a guilty plea to the offense and testified as a state’s witnеss at trial. According to Marquez, Jose had coordinated the drug transaction and had paid him $500 to participate by driving the white vehicle. Marquez further testified that he did not know Luis, had not spoken to him, and did not know whether he was involved in the transaction.
Following the presentation of above evidence at trial, the jury entered a verdict finding both Luis and Jose guilty of the
OCGA § 16-13-31 (a) (1) provides that “[a]ny person . . . who is knowingly in possession оf 28 grams or more of cocaine or of any mixture with a purity of 10 percent or more of cocaine . . . commits the felony offense of trafficking in cocaine[.]” A defendant’s joint constructive possession of contraband with another will sustain a conviction. See
Waters v. State,
[o]ne who intentionally aids or abets in the commission of a crime is a party to it. OCGA § 16-2-20 (b) (3). It is true mere presence at the scene of a crime, even coupled with knowledge and approval, is insufficient to convict one of being a party. However, presence, companionship, and conduct before and after the offense are circumstances from which one’s participation in the criminal intent may be inferred. A person will not be presumed to act with criminal intention[,] but the trier of facts may find such intention upon considerаtion of the words, conduct, demeanor, motive, and all other circumstances connected with the act for which the accused is prosecuted. If the totality of circum stantial evidence is sufficiеnt to connect the defendant with the possession of the drugs, the conviction will be sustained, even though there is evidence to authorize a contrary finding.
(Punctuation and footnotes omitted.)
Brown v. State,
Here, the trial evidence established that Luis activеly participated with his brother, Jose, and Marquez in the commission of the drug offense. Luis had been present in the vehicle during Jose’s cell phone discussions with the informant regarding the logistics of exchanging the money for the drugs. Luis drove Jose to the prearranged location in the store parking lot at the time designated for the drug transaction. In accordance with the plan, Luis and Jose were accompаnied by Marquez, who was transporting the drugs. Upon arrival at the scene, Luis drove around the parking lot in a suspicious manner as if he was conducting surveillance of the area. When he encountered and rеcognized the presence of an officer, Luis quickly fled from the scene. Based upon Luis’s conduct and the surrounding circumstances, the jury was authorized to find that he was not merely present at the scenе, but was rather in constructive possession of the cocaine based on his guilt as a party to the crime.
1
See OCGA § 16-13-31 (a) (1);
Uriostegui,
“A trial court must charge on the law of circumstantial evidence, OCGA § 24-4-6,
even absent a request\,\
if the case against the defendant is wholly circumstantial.]” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.)
Davis v. State,
Here, the evidence against Luis was еntirely circumstantial and therefore, the trial court’s failure to give a jury charge covering the principle of circumstantial evidence was erroneous. While we have concluded in Division 1 that the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to authorize Luis’s conviction, we cannot say that the evidence of his guilt was overwhelming.
2
Consequently, the trial court’s failure to charge on circumstantial evidence requires reversal. See
Davis,
Judgment reversed.
Notes
In support of his claim that his drug conviction must be reversed, Luis cites to authorities such as
Benitez v. State,
As argued by Luis, there was no direct evidence that he engaged in the discussions between the informant, Jose, and Marquez; he did not have actual possession of the drugs; and Marquez testified that he did not know whether Luis was involved in the drug transaction.