213 N.E.2d 925 | Mass. | 1966
JOHN J. MARTIN
vs.
STATE BOARD OF PAROLE.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.
Present: WILKINS, C.J., WHITTEMORE, CUTTER, KIRK, & REARDON, JJ.
Edward J. Barshak for the plaintiff.
Richard W. Murphy, Assistant Attorney General, for the defendant.
WILKINS, C.J.
The plaintiff, who is serving a sentence at the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Walpole, seeks a binding declaration as to (1) whether he was entitled to a hearing upon revocation of his parole by the defendant board, and (2) whether upon return to imprisonment he should have received credit for time elapsed between revocation of parole and arrest. The case was heard upon agreed facts by a single justice, who reserved and reported it without decision to the full court.
In 1956 the plaintiff was sentenced, and on October 31, 1960, was paroled. On November 23, 1960, a parole officer filed a report with the board that the plaintiff's whereabouts were unknown, and that he had left his home and work without permission. On the same date the board, after study of that report and of another report of his background, *211 revoked his permit to be at liberty. G.L.c. 127, §§ 147, 148, 149.[1]
There are no written rules and regulations whereby parolees are entitled prior to revocation to a hearing to determine whether a permit to be at liberty shall be revoked. It is not the custom or practice of the board to grant such hearings. No hearing of any sort was provided or offered to the plaintiff. There are written rules whereby parolees are entitled to an interview with the board subsequent to revocation, usually within sixty days, at which the violation may be explained and reparole sought. In many instances a parolee whose permit to be at liberty has been revoked has been released on reparole as a result of the interview. In that event no credit is given for time served between revocation and return to prison.
On December 28, 1960, the plaintiff was discovered by the police in Brockton, and arrested for assault with intent to rob. On January 6, 1961, he was indicted, and on January 9, 1961,[2] was sentenced to seven to ten years to be *212 served forthwith with credit for eleven days in jail awaiting trial and to be served "concurrently with any sentences subject may now be serving or with any sentences he may later serve as a result of violation of parole brought about by this case." On January 9, 1961, the plaintiff was returned to the correctional institution, and the warrant of the parole board was served upon him.[3] On October 9, 1962, upon an indictment for attempted escape the plaintiff was sentenced to the term of three to five years to be served concurrently with the sentences then being served.
The Commissioner of Correction and the board have determined that the plaintiff became eligible for consideration for parole on October 8, 1964. In determining eligibility for parole and credit for time served, the commissioner and the board excluded the period from November 23, 1960, until December 28, 1960.[4]
The plaintiff contends that the constitutional mandate of due process of law entitled him to a hearing on the revocation of his permit, that such a hearing should have taken place as soon as feasible after the revocation, and that he was also entitled to have the assistance of counsel and to present evidence. He relies upon the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and art. 12 of the Declaration of Rights of the Massachusetts Constitution. We do not accept these contentions. On these questions it may be conceded that there is a division of judicial authority. See 29 A.L.R. 2d 1074, which has a full annotation to Ex parte Anderson, 191 Ore. 409. No protracted discussion is called for, however, as we think that the sounder reasoning is with the majority view and adverse to the plaintiff.
In Escoe v. Zerbst, 295 U.S. 490, a case of revocation of probation, the decision was unanimous. The opinion by *213 Mr. Justice Cardozo held that a provision of an act of Congress requiring that upon rearrest for violation of parole a probationer "shall forthwith be taken before the court" was mandatory. But the opinion, which the plaintiff does not cite, states (pages 492-493), "In thus holding we do not accept the petitioner's contention that the privilege has a basis in the Constitution, apart from any statute. Probation or suspension of sentence comes as an act of grace to one convicted of a crime, and may be coupled with such conditions in respect of its duration as Congress may impose. Burns v. United States. 287 U.S. 216. But the power of the lawmakers to dispense with notice or a hearing as part of the procedure of probation does not mean that a like dispensing power, in opposition to the will of Congress, has been confided to the courts. The privilege is no less real because its source is in the statute rather than in the Fifth Amendment." In Fleenor v. Hammond, 116 F.2d 982, 986 (6th Cir.), relied upon by the plaintiff, the Zerbst case was erroneously cited as an authority. See Ex parte Anderson, supra, 438, 439; 29 A.L.R.2d, supra, 1081-1082.
The Supreme Court of the United States has likened a parole violator to "an escaped convict." Anderson v. Corall, 263 U.S. 193, 196-197. Zerbst v. Kidwell, 304 U.S. 359, 361.
The plaintiff was originally convicted in accordance with due process of law. While serving his sentence he was released on parole. He not only violated the conditions of his parole in concealing his whereabouts, but he chose to commit another felony. See Conlon's Case, 148 Mass. 168, 171; Murphy v. Commonwealth, 172 Mass. 264, 272; Kozlowsky, petitioner, 238 Mass. 532, 536-537; Harding v. State Bd. of Parole, 307 Mass. 217, 220. See also Kennedy's Case, 135 Mass. 48, 53 (conditional pardon).
The plaintiff, without specific quotation, refers us broadly to articles in several legal periodicals which we assume are favorably disposed toward his arguments. For the present, however, we prefer to rely upon Escoe v. Zerbst, supra, *214 as the authoritative pronouncement under the Fourteenth Amendment. While that case stands, we shall not establish a less strict requirement under the Constitution of this Commonwealth.
A decree is to enter declaring that the plaintiff was not entitled to a hearing before the defendant board upon revocation of his parole; and that he was not entitled to credit for time elapsed between revocation of parole and arrest.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] § 147. "The violation by the holder of a permit to be at liberty of any of the terms or conditions of his permit or the violation of any law of the commonwealth shall render his permit void."
§ 148. "The board or officer granting to a prisoner a permit to be at liberty may revoke it at any time previous to its expiration."
§ 149. "The parole board, the county commissioners or, in Suffolk county, the penal institutions commissioner of Boston, if a permit to be at liberty granted or issued by them, respectively, has become void or has been revoked, or if a prisoner on parole under section one hundred and forty-one has been ordered to return to prison, may order the arrest of the holder of such permit or of such prisoner on parole by any officer qualified to serve civil or criminal process in any county, and the return of such holder or of such prisoner on parole to the prison to which he was originally sentenced. A prisoner who has been so returned to prison shall be detained therein according to the terms of his original sentence. In computing the period of his confinement, the time between his release upon a permit or on parole and the revocation of such permit or parole shall be considered as part of the term of his sentence, and the time between the revocation of his permit or parole and his return to the prison to which he was originally sentenced shall not be considered as any part of the term of his original sentence. If at the time of the order to return to prison or of the revocation of his permit he is confined in any prison, service of such order shall not be made until his release therefrom, and the time served by him upon any sentence under which he is so confined shall not be considered as any part of the term of his original sentence."
[2] The record does not disclose the details of the conviction. From the brief interval between indictment and sentence we infer that there was a plea of guilty.
[3] This was more favorable to the plaintiff than the last sentence of G.L.c. 127, § 149, quoted in fn. 1.
[4] Unlike Massachusetts (see G.L.c. 127, § 149) a parole violator in the Federal system does not receive credit for time out on parole. 18 U.S.C. § 4205 (1964).
