34 Miss. 21 | Miss. | 1857
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was a bill filed by the appellant in the Chancery Court of Hancock county, enjoining the appellees from the erection and establishment of a wharf upon the sea-coast, at the town of Shields-borough, in this State, alleged to be an infringement of an exclusive privilege granted to the appellant. The appellant’s right is set forth in the bill substantially as follows:—
That by various acts of the legislature, the town of Shields-borough was incorporated, and by the Act of 1848, its limits were enlarged to the extent of about five miles along the coast, and the municipal authorities of the town were empowered to grant licenses within its corporate limits for the erection of wharves, for such length of time, under such regulations, and upon such terms as they might think fit, which act was repealed by the Act of 1850, and a new act then passed conferring upon the corporate authorities the same powers in relation to wharves as the Act of 1848; that on the 1st March, 1854, a new act of incorporation was passed, incorporating the town as a city, and providing for its municipal government and officers to consist of a mayor and aldermen, having jurisdiction over the same territory as was embraced in the preceding acts; and
It is further alleged that, after the destruction of the appellant’s wharf, the mayor and aldermen, on the 1st December, 1855, passed an ordinance, by which the appellant was authorized to build and put up, within three months from that date, in front of the city and in the place where the wharf which had been destroyed was erected, a new toll wharf, where all goods, freight, wares, merchandise, horses, cattle, and carriages should be landed, fixing the tolls to be charged by him; provided that, if the appellant accepted the terms
“ Be it further ordained, that from and after the 1st December, 1855, until the 1st day of January, 1866, it shall not be lawful for any person or persons whomsoever, excepting the said John Martin, his executors, administrators, or assigns, to build, erect, or put up any wharf, for the purpose of landing or shipping any freight, goods, wares, merchandises, horses, cattle, carriages, &c., not their own property, within that part of the corporate limits of the said city of Shieldsborough, extending westerly along the sea-coast from the house formerly known as the house of Jesse Cowand, to the western boundary of said corporation: to which extent of coast the exclusive privilege of building, erecting, or putting up a public toll wharf is hereby granted to the said John Martin, his executors, administrators, and assigns, until the 1st day of January, 1866; and any person or persons, who, in violation of the present ordinance, shall build, erect, or put up any wharf in the limits herein mentioned, for the purpose of landing or shipping any freight, goods, &c., not their own property, shall forfeit and pay the sum of fifty dollars, to be recovered, &c., .... and in addition thereto, shall be liable to the said John Martin in an action of damages for the violation of his privileges; provided, that only one public toll wharf shall be built, erected, or put up within said limits.”
That, in pursuance of this contract, he constructed a new wharf at the place designated, the best and most valuable one ever erected in the city, at a cost of twenty-five hundred dollars, having in all respects complied with his part of the contract.
The bill then charges that the appellees, who are residents of the
The bill prays for an injunction prohibiting the appellees from erecting any wharf for landing or shipping any freight, goods, &c., either for toll, or by any combination, association, contract and agreement between themselves, that the costs and expenses of erecting or keeping up their wharf shall be borne ratably by the parties, or by any other means or subterfuge, to evade or violate
After the service of the injunction awarded and issued upon this bill, an 'parte petition appears in the record, filed by and in behalf of James A. Ulman, setting forth the service of the injunction, and that the petitioner, who was engaged as an employee of the appellees in building and erecting the wharf, was restrained from prosecuting his work at great loss, denying the exclusive right claimed by the appellant in his bill, alleging the unconstitutionality of the exclusive privilege granted to him by the ordinance, and that the appellees had the right to have their wharf erected for the purpose of using it for landing and shipping their own property, by virtue of the provisions of the same ordinance under which the appellant claims his right; that the injunction operates oppressively upon him, and if he is compelled thereby to forfeit his contract with the appellees for constructing their wharf, that irreparable injury will be done him, and that the remedy to him or to his employers upon the appellant’s injunction bond would be an inadequate remuneration for the damages sustained by either of them in consequence of the injunction; tendering a bond sufficient for all damages to the appellant, and praying a modification of the injunction, so as to permit the petitioner to proceed with his work, and after its completion, that it might be used by the owners as a joint-stock wharf, for the landing and shipping of their own property, until the final hearing of the cause.
The petition was presented to J. S. Yerger, Judge of the Third Judicial District, who ordered that the injunction be superseded and modified, so as to allow the petitioner to continue to erect and complete the wharf; and a writ was issued accordingly, superseding the injunction.
Upon a like petition presented to the same judge by the appel-lees, the proprietors of the wharf enjoined by the appellant, he also ordered a writ of supersedeas to issue, modifying the injunction as previously ordered upon the other petition, and an injunction restraining the appellant from interfering with the erection and completion of the wharf, and with the owners of the wharf using
Afterwards a bill wa§ presented by the appellees, by way of supplement to the last one above mentioned, to the judge of the Chancery Court in which the appellant’s bill was filed, setting forth that since the proceedings above mentioned, and on the 5th July, 1856, the board of mayor and aldermen of Shieldsborough passed an ordinance repealing and annulling the ordinance of Decembei’, 1855, so far as it granted to the appellant the exclusive privilege of keeping a public toll wharf within the entire limits therein prescribed, and restricting the right of the appellant to much narrower limits, authorizing the appellees to make a public toll wharf within the limits embraced in the ordinance for the benefit of the appellant, and to receive for themselves the legal rates of toll. The bill alleges that this last ordinance was valid and regular, and that the previous one for the benefit of the appellant was both unconstitutional and in violation of the act of incorporation of 1854, so far as it granted the exclusive right to keep a public toll wharf to the extent of the entire limits of the city to the appellant; and it claims the right to the defendants, in virtue of this last ordinance, to keep a public toll wharf within the limits embraced in the previous ordinance, and prays for an injunction restraining the appellant from interfering with the defendants in their application for license to keep such public toll wharf and collect tolls, and for interfering in any manner with their proceedings under the last ordinance: The injunction was granted and issued as prayed, upon application to the judge in vacation and without notice, so far as is shown by the record.
At the December term, 1856, the appellees filed a demurrer to the original bill; and, at the same time, the appellant moved the court to reject from the files the bills filed by the appellees, and upon which the injunctions above mentioned were granted, because they were filed in violation of the rules of law and of established practice, and various grounds were stated in support of the motion. He also moved the court for a rule on the appellees to show cause why an attachment should not issue against them for violating the injunction in behalf of the appellant. These several motions were overruled.
The appellees then moved to dissolve the appellant’s injunction, and to dismiss the bill for want of equity on the face of the bill, assigning various reasons for the motion, which will be noticed hereafter. This motion was sustained, and the bill dismissed, and from that decree this appeal is taken.
It is agreed between the counsel for the respective parties, that the case is to he considered here without regard to the irregularity of the mode in which it was finally disposed of in the court below; and that, assuming the grounds of defence set up in behalf of the appellees against the claim of the appellant as having been formally made in that court, we are to consider the questions upon which the rights of the parties depend, as they were intended to be presented in the cause. We will therefore proceed to consider, in the first place, the questions involved in the merits of the case.
The first question which arises is, whether the Board of Mayor and Aldermen had power, under the terms of the act of incorporation of 1854, to grant to the appellant the right to keep a toll wharf' upon the shores of the city, to the exclusion of all other person» within the entire limits of the city; and this depends upon the 14th section of the charter above quoted.
It is contended, in behalf of the appellees, that, inasmuch as-that section gives power to the board to grant licenses “ to all persons applying for the same,” to erect and keep wharves, all persons' desiring such licenses have the right to apply for and obtain them,, under such rules as may be established by th,e board. But this is-manifestly not the scope and spirit of the section. Its object was to grant power to the corporation upon the subject of wharves, not to vest rights in individuals; and it must be interpreted with refer
But it is said that the power to grant exclusive privileges has reference to the rights granted to any particular person obtaining license for a particular wharf, excluding all interference of other persons with the rights acquired at that particular wharf. This view appears to be without force; for if such was the intention of the statute, it gave no further right than such as would have existed without the provision. A person taking out a license to keep a wharf, and receive the tolls thereof, at a particular place, had a perfect right to his own wharf and its emoluments, to the exclusion of all other persons, by virtue of his license; and that was secured to him by the law of the land, and did not require further protection. It cannot, therefore, be supposed that the legislature intended 'to protect a right already amply secured by law; for that would be to suppose the enactment of a vain and useless provision. The power conferred is to grant licenses to all persons applying for the same. No duty is imposed upon the corporation nor right vested in the applicant; but the matter of granting the license or licenses is left subject to “the rules and restrictions, and with such privileges, exclusive or otherwise, as the board might think proper.” This language does not appear to be susceptible of any other construction than that it is a grant of power to the corporation to grant ■to one or more persons the exclusive privilege of keeping a toll wharf, in such manner and upon such terms as they might think proper. The entire power is confided to them in express language,
It is also abundantly manifest that the ordinance of December 1st, 1855, granted to the appellant the exclusive privilege of erecting and keeping a public toll wharf at the city until the 1st January, 1866, expressly prohibiting all other persons from putting up any wharf within the limits of the city, during that period, for the purpose of landing or shipping goods, freight, &c., not their own property, and assuring to the appellant the enjoyment of the right granted to him. And in consequence of this ordinance, that he took out the license required by the regulations adopted by the board, paying the sum of money required, and entered into bond with security for the construction and good keeping of the wharf. There can, therefore, be no doubt but that he acquired an exclusive privilege in virtue of the ordinance and of his contract under it, against the erection of a toll wharf, within the limits designated, by any other person, if the act of incorporation authorizing the grant was valid and constitutional.
This brings us to the consideration of the objections to the provisions of the 14th section of the act on the ground of unconstitutionality. 1. It is objected that the power to grant the exclusive privilege to the appellant conferred by the act, is in violation of the first section of Article I of the Constitution of this State, which declares, that “ no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive, separate public emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services.”
This provision of the constitution evidently has no application to the circumstances of this case. The legislature, for reasons which must be presumed to have been sufficient, thought fit to incorporate the city of Shieldsborough, and to make provision in relation to the granting of licenses for keeping public wharves within its limits — a subject in which the interests of its citizens were much involved — giving to those to whom the management of the public affairs of the city was to be committed, the power to act upon that subject in the way they might think best for the public interest. From the nature of the subject, and the local situation of the place, it might become necessary to grant an exclusive right to keep a public wharf there to some one or more persons, in order to secure
2. It is said that no power existed in the State to grant the exclusive right and occupation of the shores of the sea to any man, because the sea, by universal law, is open and free to all persons. This is correct with respect to the open br high seas, but it does not apply to the shores of the sea, or to the waters immediately adjacent to those shores. 1 Kent’s Comm. 26, 29. In such cases the jurisdiction of the State extends so far as may be necessary for the public safety and the undisturbed use of the adjacent shores. But the shores of the sea below high water mark belong to the State as trustee for the public, and may, by grant, become private property, or the subject of an exclusive private right; and the right of the owners of the land bounded by the sea extends no further than to high water mark. 3 Kent, 427.
This objection is, therefore, untenable; and it also follows, from these rules of law, that the position taken in behalf of the appel-lees, that the owners of lands lying on the sea-shore have the right to build wharves for their own use into the sea adjoining the front of their lands, and cannot be deprived of that right by grant under legislative authority, cannot be maintained.
We are, therefore, of opinion that the act of incorporation is not in violation of the constitution, or of any vested rights of the ap-pellees.
Again, it is insisted that it appears by the bill that the exclusive privilege granted to the appellant by the ordinance of December,
An objection is taken to the extent of the injunction, issued in behalf of the appellant, because it enjoined the appellees from the erection of their wharf, and also from the use of it, thereby depriving them of the right to erect and use their wharf for landing and shipping their own property, which right was expressly reserved to them in the ordinance under which the appellant’s right was granted.
This objection is well founded, if the facts upon which it is based be as they are assumed. The prohibition of the ordinance is against “building, erecting or putting up any wharf for the purpose of landing or shipping any freight, goods, &c., not their own property,” &c.; and the same reservation is made in the latter clause, declaring the punishment for a violation of its provisions. It is thus obvious that the appellees had the right to erect a wharf for the purpose of shipping or landing their own property; and, if erected solely for that purpose, that they were not subject to be enjoined from constructing it. If, however, it was being erected for the purpose of being used after it was completed as a toll wharf, the purpose was unauthorized and illegal, and, being in violation of the appellant’s rights, he was entitled to enjoin its construction; or after it was erected, if used in violation of the ordinance, he had, for the same reason, the right to enjoin such use of it. But the question, whether the wharf was either being erected for the purpose of being used as a toll wharf, or was so used after its erection, is not now properly before us for determination, as the case is presented for our consideration as upon demurrer to the bill, or upon motion to dissolve the injunction for want of equity on the face of
It follows from the views of the case above taken, that the appellant was entitled to the exclusive privilege granted to him by the city ordinance; and the doctrine is too well settled to be questioned, that that ordinance and the obligations entered into by the appellant under it constituted a contract securing the exclusive privilege granted to the appellant, and which the Board of Mayor and Aldermen could not violate. Consequently, the ordinance of July, 1856, annulling and amending the grant as it had been made by the previous ordinance to the appellant, and giving the license to the appellees to erect and keep a toll wharf within the limits embraced in the contract with the appellant, was an act impairing the obligation of the appellant’s contract, in violation of his vested right under it, and therefore illegal and void.
Having thus considered the principal questions presented, and involving the merits of the controversy, we proceed to examine the question of the regularity of the proceedings taken by the appellees, to suspend and modify the injunction granted in behalf of the appellant. '
It appears that after the appellant’s bill had been filed in the Chancery Court of Hancock county, and after his injunction had been regularly issued and served, and whilst it was in full force, the appellees presented to the Honorable J. S. Yerger, a circuit judge of a different district, two petitions or bills, praying that the injunction should be superseded and dissolved in part; and process was accordingly awarded by that judge, and issued, superseding and dissolving the injunction in part. Such a proceeding was irregular and contrary to the established rules, which vested in the Chancery Court of Hancock county jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the injunction which was then pending. And while it is true that our laws give to the circuit judges the power to grant injunctions in cases beyond the bounds of their districts, that power is given with reference to cases not then pending in any court of competent jurisdiction, or to cases where it may become necessary, in aid of the jurisdiction already acquired by such court, and for the purposes of justice, that such writs should be granted. But the power
The course to be taken by the appellees was plain and well established in chancery practice, — to move, before the judge having jurisdiction of the cause, upon a proper showing, for a dissolution or modification of the injunction, and for liberty to exercise the rights set up in these bills; and upon which motion the appellant would have had the right to be heard, of which he was debarred by the course pursued.
We think, therefore, that the writs of supersedeas and injunction referred to were irregular and void, and that they should have been set aside on the motion of the appellant.
The injunction last obtained by the appellees was granted by the judge having jurisdiction of the cause. But the bill upon which it was granted was irregular and unnecessary. The subject-matter of controversy was then pending by virtue of the original bill of the appellant, and it was entirely competent for the appellees to assert their rights and obtain the relief which they claimed by answer and cross-bill in that suit; and this course was afterwards taken by them. The bill, therefore, filed by them, and praying for an injunction, was an unnecessary and irregular step to dissolve the injunction of the appellant. It was virtually a proceeding, by an
The motion to dismiss this bill and to set aside the injunction ought, therefore, to have been sustained.
Under these views of the case, the decree is reversed, the interlocutory bills filed by the appellees dismissed, and the cause remanded, to be proceeded with according to the principles herein stated.