53 F. 273 | N.D. Cal. | 1892
This is an action for balance of seamen’s wages. The libelants shipped on hoard the ship Eclipse, at. the port of San Francisco, on the 7th day of September, 1892, for a voyage to Port Angeles, in the state of Washington, thence to Nanaimo or Departure hay, in British Columbia, and return; wages, 825 per month. The voyage was completed, and libelants discharged in the port of San Francisco, November 1, 1892. The wages of each seaman for the voyage amounted to $45.83. During the voyage, some of them received small sums of money and a few articles from the slop chest, hut the present controversy is with respect to deductions made from the wages on account of certain advance notes or orders given by the libelants before the commencement of the voyage.
It appears that one John Savory, acting for certain boardinghouse masters, made an agreement with Andrew Anderson, the managing owner of the vessel, to furnish him with a crew of 12 men. for
It is now claimed on the part of the libelants — First, that the whole transaction relating to the advance orders was in fraud of their rights, in wrongfully deducting from their wages sums of money in excess of what they should have been required to pay under any circumstances; and, second, that the payment of the orders was the payment of advance wages, and was contrary to the provisions of section 10 of the act of June 20, 1884, (23 St. at Large, 55,) as amended by section 3 of the act of June 19, 1886, (24 St. at Large, SO.) The managing owner of the vessel meets the first claim by saying that he paid the advance orders in full; that it was not for him to inquire whether the seamen who gave them were in debt in the amount stated in the orders; that when he paid the crew their wages they receipted in full, and made no complaint, and did not object to the deductions. The answer to this defense is that the managing owner made a bargain with Savory for a crew of 12 men for $200 after a previous agreement for the same number of men for $175 had failed; in other words, he fixed the advance wages himself, and left it to those who should furnish the men to make whatever they could out of the transaction. We are not surprised, therefore, to find that the amounts received by some of them in board and outfit were very small. The terms of the agreement would naturally lead to that result. The fact that the men receipted in full for their wages after the voyage was over is no answer to such a transaction in a court of admiralty. As was well said in Rosenthal v. The Die Gartenlaube, 5 Fed. Rep. 827, 830:
*275 “A party colluding witli a master to cheat the seamen out of a part of their wages, or to induce them to apply their wages in anticipation of payment to any purpose not shown to be for their own good, will receive no relief in a court of admiralty. Of course, after they are paid their wages they can expend the money as they like; but payment in anything else than money, though with their consent, will be most; rigidly scrutinized, and must be clearly shown to be proper and equivalent .o the payment of the money itself to them.”
Courts of admiralty do not £,give any effect to the receipt of a sailor for Ms wages, whether sealed or parol, unless there was an actual payment.” See 2 Pars. Shipp. & A dm. 41, and cases cited. Títere is no difficulty, therefore, iu arriving at the conclusion that the libelants are entitled to be paid their full wages, less deductions for actual sums due for hoard, outfit. and cash received. This right they have without regard to congressional legislation upon the subject of seamen's wages.
But the next question require? an examination of such legislation. The libelants claim that the payment of advance wages is in violation of section 10 of the act of Jane 26, 1884, as amended bv the act of Juno 19, 1886, which provides that such payments shall he no defense to an action for the full amount of wages. That section provides as follows:
“That it shall bo, and is hereby, made unlawful in any case to pay any seaman wages before leaving the port at which such seaman may be engaged, in advance of the time when he has actually earned the same, or to pay such advance wages to any other person, or to pay any person, other than an officer authorized by act of congress to collect fees for such service, any remuneration for the shipment of seamen Any person paying such advance wages or such remunoivition shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine not less than four times the amount of the wages so advanced or remuneration so paid, and may be also imprisoned for a period not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court. The payment of such advance wages or remuneration shall in no case, except as herein provided, absolve the vessel, or the master or owner thereof, from full payment of wages after the same shall have been actually earned, and shall be no defense to a libel, suit, or acuon for the recovery of such'wages: provided. that this section shall not apply to whaling vessels: and provided, further, that it shall bo lawful for any seaman to stipulate in his shipping agreement for an allotment of any portion of the wages which he may earn to his wife, mother, or other relative, or te an original creditor in liquidation of any just debt for board or clothing wh eh he may have contracted prior to en-gag'ement, not exceeding ten dollar,; per month for each month of the time usually required for the voyage fo • which the seaman has shipped, under such regulations as the secretary of the treasury may prescribe, but no allotment to any other person or corporation shall lie lawful; and any person who shall falsely claim such relationship to any seaman in order to obtain wages so allotted shall, for every such offense, be punishable by a fine of not exceeding live hundred dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding six months, at the discretion of the court; and any master, owner, consignee, or agent of any foreign vessel who has violated this section shall be liable to the same penalty that the master, owner, or agent of a vessel of the United States would be for a similar violation.”
Under the authority conferred by tliis section, the secretary of the treasury, by a circular dated June 21, 1886, prescribed regulations for the allotment of wages for certain voyages between ports i?, the several coasting districts and between domestic and foreign ports, including Atlantic ports in the dominion of Canada, and he-
‘•In conclusion, I may add that the rule exempting wages from garnishment springs out of the sharp necessity Which the nature of his calling casts upon the seaman when he leaves his ship. A. seaman is compelled to be Improvident. While at sea the ship is Its house, and his daily bread he must receive from the hands of the ship's master. His wages cannot be paid him day by day, but must be allowed to accumulate in the hands of an unknown owner. When the voyage is ove - he must at once provide! himself with Temporary shelter and with food, and for that purpose! ho must have money in bis hand. Therefore it is that li s wages are nailed to the ship, and therefore it is that, as in the ancient day 3 of the Consulate, so now the law is forced to declare That, no man can be permitted to say anything or do anything to deprive the seaman of the right to demand his wages when he leaves the ship.”
The purpose of the act of Jure 7,1872, was to incorporate this well-established principle of maritime law into a system for the protection of seamen engaged in the merchant marine service of the United States, but it was found in the practical operation of this act that some of its features imposed unnecessary burdens upon vessels engaged in 1he coastwise trade and in voyages to neighboring ports in contiguous territory, and such vessels were accordingly relieved from its provisions by the acts of Ja unary 15,1873, and June Í), 1874. The act of June 26,1884, revised the law upon the subject of shipping, and removed certain burdens from V meric a ti vessels. It also specially provided, in section 10, against the payment of advance wages to seamen in any case, but provided for an allotment of wages with certain limitations. It also provided that t he section should not apply’ to whaling vessels. The law was again revised by the act of June 19, 1886, and further provision made, in sect ion 3 of that act, for the allotment of wages, under such regulations as the secretary of the treasury might prescribe, and the law made applicable to foreign, as well as American, vessels. This is the state of the law at present. The purpose of congress is neither obscure nor uncertain. It clearly intended to prohibit the payment of advance wages in every ease, except where the employment is on a whaling vessel. This exception establishes the otherwise general character of the provision, and the court is not at liberty to add any other exception to the statute. The case of The Samuel E. Spring, 27 Fed. Rep. 764, was a libel for wages earned on a voyage from New York to Havana and Matanzas, and thence to Boston. A vessel on this voyage, being engaged in trade with the West India islands, was excepted from the provisions of section 12 of the act of June 7, 1872, by the act of January 15,
“Tíie rule undoubtedly is that statutes are to receive a reasonable construction, and doubtful words and phrases are to be construed, if possible, so as not to produce mischievous results. But when the words used are plain and unambiguous, there is no room for construction, and nothing is left for the court but to give to them their full effect. The act prohibits, in direct and positive terms, the payment of advance wages to seamen before leaving port, and declares that such payment shall in no case absolve the owner, master, or vessel from full payment of wages, or be a defense to a suit for their recoveiy, after they are earned. It applies, in terms, to all voyages except whaling voyages. Its prohibition must clearly extend to indirect as well as direct payments. The illegality of the payment was wholly on the side of the owner. It would be absurd, as well as a palpable disregard of the legislative intent, to hold that the law can be evaded by merely having the seamen sign fictitious shipping articles, which do not express the rate of wages actually agreed upon and intended to be paid for the voyage. I am therefore obliged to hold that the second mate can recover his wages according to the verbal contract, without deducting the payment in New York.”
It may be further observed, witb respect to tbe cases cited, that they were decided prior to tbe amendatory act of June 19,1886. Tbe authority conferred upon tbe secretary of tbe treasury, by this amendatory act, to prescribe regulations for tbe allotment of wages, and bis execution of that authority, is entitled to respectful consideration in construing tbe section as amended, particularly in view of the fact that these regulations have been in force now for more than six years. Under this authority, the secretary has determined that ad