1. The court of ordinary is a court of general jurisdiction; and unless the want of jurisdiction appears on the face of the record, its judgments can not be collaterally attacked for fraud.
2. Such an attack on a judgment granting administration, when the want of jurisdiction does not so appear, the attack being contained in a petition seeking only a recovery of an undivided interest in land and mesne profits, and the only prayer, aside from one for process, being such as is appropriate for such recovery, and the personal representative of the estate not being a party to such suit, is a collateral attack.
3. The demurrer of the defendant to the petition as amended should have been sustained and the action dismissed.
No. 13813. JULY 9, 1941.
DeLoss H. Marthin and others, claiming undivided interests as heirs at law in the estate of Mrs. Mary J. Pair, deceased, consisting of realty and personalty located in Fulton and DeKalb Counties, brought their petition in DeKalb superior court against James
Henry Marshall, a resident of Fulton County, alleging, in substance, as follows: Mrs. Pair died leaving but one child surviving, the defendant James Henry Marshall, and no living husband. The defendant was one of six children of Mrs. Pair. All her other children, except her daughter Orpha, died without children. This daughter died, and the plaintiffs are her children and grandchildren. All of them reside outside of Georgia. About four days after the death of the defendant's mother he requested one Matthews to apply to the court of ordinary of DeKalb County to be appointed administrator of the estate of Mrs. Pair, the defendant stating to Matthews that he was the sole heir of Mrs. Pair. Matthews received the appointment as administrator, and applied to the court of ordinary for leave to sell the lands of the estate in DeKalb and Fulton counties. He was granted said leave to sell and did sell a described tract or parcel of land in DeKalb County for the expressed consideration of $4350, the defendant being the purchaser; but no money was passed, the defendant stating to the administrator that he was the sole heir of Mrs. Pair. The plaintiffs are informed and believe, and so charge, that Matthews, the administrator, also conveyed the lands in Fulton County to the defendant in the same manner; that the estate consisted also of specified personalty of the value of $3000; that, after paying the funeral expenses and other debts and the costs of administration, the administrator turned over all proceeds of the estate to the defendant Marshall; that the defendant executed and issued real-estate bonds aggregating $3500, to secure the payment of which he executed to J. Howell Green a trust deed conveying the described property in DeKalb County; that the defendant obtained the money on these bonds by reason of his misrepresentation to the administrator that he was the sole heir of Mrs. Pair, which misrepresentation appears of record in the court of ordinary, and was a fraud upon the other heirs of Mrs. Pair and upon the court of ordinary, perpetrated by the defendant for the purpose of obtaining the entire estate. Each of the petitioners seeks to recover his or her undivided interest in the lands in DeKalb County, and to have the court declare title in petitioners in accordance with the respective interest of each, as well as to their interests in the proceeds of the lands in Fulton County, which they are informed, believe, and charge were sold by the defendant, he receiving the proceeds thereof, and their undivided interests
in the other assets of the estate above referred to; and that should there be any other assets of the estate of Mrs. Pair, kept in a safety-deposit box at a bank, or elsewhere, the same should be accounted for by the defendant. The prayer (beside that for process and for second original for service on the defendant) was that the defendant be enjoined from selling, leasing, or disposing of the lands in DeKalb County, or any interest therein; that he be required to account for any property of the estate disposed of by him; that in the final disposition of the case such property and the bond issue of $3500 be charged against defendant's interest; that each of the plaintiffs recover his or her respective undivided interest in the lands in DeKalb County, and, if necessary to a proper distribution of their interests among the parties, a sale of the DeKalb County lands be authorized and directed by the court.
The defendant filed a plea contending that DeKalb superior court was without equitable jurisdiction of his person or property, he being a resident of Fulton County. He demurred to the petition on general grounds.
The plaintiffs amended, striking the allegations in paragraphs 16 to 21 of the petition, striking all their prayers except that for process and service, and alleging that in April, 1926, the defendant procured a loan of money from a named bank, and on September 20, 1926, procured another loan from the same bank, and in each case executed a conveyance of the Fulton County lands of the estate of Mrs. Pair to secure the payment of said loans; that in March, 1928, he sold the lands to a purchaser who as part of the consideration assumed payment of said loans; and that the defendant's procuring these loans and selling the realty to pay them constituted merely a part of his scheme and device to obtain the entire property of the estate, and accounted for his procuring the appointment of Matthews as administrator, to whom he made the misrepresentation that he was the sole heir of Mrs. Pair. The amendment showed that on September 27, 1926, the administrator, on his application, was discharged. The plaintiffs alleged, that, being nonresidents of the State, they had not kept up with the affairs of Mrs. Pair, and did not know that she left any estate, or that an administrator had been appointed, until in the fall of 1940; that the defendant did notify one of them, and through him the others, of the death of Mrs. Pair, but concealed from them the fact that she
left an estate, and the fact that he had procured the appointment of Matthews as administrator, and concealed from them his false representation to the administrator that he was the sole heir; and that he has received the rents and profits from the lands of Mrs. Pair's estate, of the value of several hundred dollars per year. After making the foregoing allegations of fraud perpetrated upon them, the plaintiffs prayed that the suit proceed as one to recover the undivided interest of each of them in the "land in controversy, fully set forth and stated in the petition, together with mesne profits."
The defendant renewed his plea to the jurisdiction, and his general demurrer to the petition as amended. The judge overruled the demurrer, and the defendant excepted.
1. The original petition was undoubtedly subject to the attack made upon it in so far as jurisdiction was concerned; for while land in DeKalb County was involved, it was not, under our decisions, a case respecting title to land, but an equity case within the meaning of par. 3, sec. 16, art. 6 of the constitution (Code, § 2-4303). Clayton v. Stetson, 101 Ga. 634
(28 S.E. 983); Magid of Tallulah Inc. v. Beaver,183 Ga. 485 (189 S.E. 43). But a suit in equity may be changed by amendment into an action at law, where the amendment is not otherwise objectionable. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v.Hall, 191 Ga. 294 (12 S.E.2d 53). This counsel for defendant in error undertook to do by converting it, as contended by him, into a suit to recover the undivided interests of his clients in the realty located in DeKalb County, so as to make it a case respecting title to land, the suit being filed in the county where the land lies. After the amendment, however, it appeared from the face of the petition that the sole defendant resided in Fulton County; that he had a deed to the property from the administrator of the ancestor under whom the plaintiffs claimed; that so far as it appears the deed was regular on its face; that the administration itself was regular, but that the appointment was brought about by the fraud of the defendant. The amendment contained the averment that the deed from the administrator to Marshall, "on account of all the acts of James Henry Marshall herein fully set forth, was obtained by fraud and
as against plaintiffs is fraudulent, void, and of no force and effect." It has been held that the court of ordinary is a court of general jurisdiction; and unless the want of jurisdiction appears on the face of the record, its judgments can not be collaterally attacked for fraud. See Bowen v. Gaskins,144 Ga. 1 (85 S.E. 1007), and cit.; Scarborough v. Long,186 Ga. 412, 415 (197 S.E. 796), and cit. Frequently in the case from other States one meets with the statement that the attack is collateral when it is only an incident of the suit. One of the many cases wherein this is said is Wright v. Saltmarsh,174 Okla. 226 (50 P.2d 694). It has many times been held that the attack upon the judgment is a collateral attack if the action or proceeding has an incidental purpose and contemplates some relief or result other than the mere setting aside of the judgment, although the setting aside of the judgment may be necessary to secure such independent purpose. Among the decisions so holding is Sewell v. Reed, 189 Ark. 50 (71 S.W.2d 191, 194). The same rule has frequently been applied to instances where the plaintiff brought an action to establish his title to land, and to set aside a guardian's deed executed by virtue of a probate proceeding. Such an instance was that dealt with in Moffer v.
Jones, 67 Okla. 171 (169 P. 652, 656). Numerous cases where this subject has been treated are cited in 7 Words and Phrases (Permanent ed.) 573 et seq. Some courts have held that any attempt to impeach or annual a judgment otherwise than by a direct appeal or by a direct proceeding in the court that rendered the judgment, before the expiration of the term at which it was rendered, is a collateral attack thereon. Johnson v.
Johnson, 182 Ala. 376 (62 So. 706). It has been held by at least one court that when a judgment set up in bar is directly assailed as procured by fraud, it is a direct and not a collateral attack. Houser v. W. R. Bonsal Co., 149 N.C. 51 (62 S.E. 776). This does not, however, seem to harmonize with the decision of this court in Bowen v. Gaskins, supra. An examination of this subject will disclose that the courts of this country are not in accord as to what constitutes a collateral attack, although under the great weight of the authorities, as we interpret them, the attack in the instant case is a collateral attack.
Wells v. Pridgen, 154 Ga. 397 (114 S.E. 355), was a habeas-corpus case. Its object, of course, was to obtain the person of one restrained. In the petition the applicant pleaded that he was delivered
into the custody of the warden of the penitentiary under a court sentence imposed on him after he was arraigned, tried and convicted by a jury, with his plea of not guilty of file, without any evidence being introduced, and no instructions having been given the jury by the judge. In affirming the judgment sustaining a demurrer to the petition, and a motion to quash the writ on the ground that no cause of action is set forth whereby the writ of habeas corpus can be sustained, because the plaintiff sets forth in her petition that the defendant was legally indicted, that a legal and valid verdict was rendered, and that a legal and valid sentence was imposed upon him under which he is legally detained by the warden, this court referred to his attack on his judgment of conviction as a collateral attack. In Laramore v. Dudley,145 Ga. 102 (88 S.E. 682), it was ruled: "It follows that an order granted by a court of ordinary to an administrator to sell lands of his intestate can not be collaterally attacked in a superior court on the ground that the reason for the application to sell was not set forth in the petition of the administrator, and that this appears from a certified copy of the proceedings in the ordinary's court. Griffith v. Phillips, 77 Tenn. 417; Gillenwaters v. Scott, 62 Tex. 670." We have examined the record in that case. It appears therein that the main relief sought was an injunction against further prosecution of a suit in the city court; but it also appears that dower was set apart to a widow, and it was recited that the court of ordinary granted an order to sell the reversionary interest in the dower lands, and the contention made in the pleadings was that said order of the ordinary was void for certain stated reasons. The plaintiff's right to the injunction was predicated on the proposition that the order granting to the administrator leave to sell was invalid. The ruling seems to be in line with the rulings from other States above referred to, which support the proposition that the attack is collateral if the attack on the judgment is only incidental when the proceeding contemplated some other and further relief. Complainants in the instant case are seeking to recover an undivided interest in land, together with mesne profits. There is no prayer that the judgment of the court of ordinary be set aside. No representative of the estate of the deceased is a party to the instant suit, there being an allegation that the administrator has been discharged. As to this, compare Bullard v. Wynn, 134 Ga. 636
(68 S.E. 439). The heart of their case is the prayer for the recovery of their interest in the land. Such is their prayer. The attack on the judgment of the ordinary granting administration, on account of the fraud of their adversary, is only incidental. The title of Marshall, the purchaser, is invalid, if at all, only because it was a part of his alleged fraudulent conduct in imposing on the court of ordinary.
We have examined with care the cases cited on the supplemental brief for defendants in error, to wit: Portman v. Mobley,158 Ga. 269, 272 (123 S.E. 695); Maryland Casualty Co. v.Grant, 169 Ga. 325 (2) (150 S.E. 424); Powell v.Harrison, 180 Ga. 197, 205 (178 S.E. 745); Walker v.Ful-Kalb Inc., 181 Ga. 563, 572 (183 S.E. 776); Hunter v.Associated Mortgage Companies, 183 Ga. 506, 508
(188 S.E. 700); Rogers v. Toccoa Power Co., 161 Ga. 524 (2), 527 (131 S.E. 517); Crawford v. Williams, 149 Ga. 126, 132
(99 S.E. 378); Smith v. Cuyler, 78 Ga. 654 (3 S.E. 406). In our opinion those decisions held nothing to the contrary of what we here rule. As late as the January term, 1940, of this court it was held that, "In a suit in ejectment to recover land, a judgment of the ordinary appointing for the deceased a guardian who under the provisions of the Code acted as the administrator of the estate of the deceased, and as such sold the property sued for, can not be collaterally attacked for defects not appearing on the face of the record." Owenby v. Stancil, 190 Ga. 50
(8 S.E.2d 7). And, as we have heretofore seen, this rule is not changed because the attack is based on fraud. There is nothing in either Code § 110-710 or § 37-709 in conflict with such a rule.
In view of the diversity of opinion among the courts of other jurisdictions as to what constitutes a collateral attack, and the difficulty this court has had in applying the principle of precedents in our own State, it might be well if this court could announce some comprehensive rule on that subject; but in every instance we must limit our rulings to the case before us. We content ourselves therefore with the pronouncement that such an attack as shown by this record, its character being that recited in the second headnote, is a collateral attack, and not a direct attack. The judge should have sustained the demurrer to the petition as amended, on the ground that on the face of their pleadings the plaintiffs showed no right of recovery, for that they had no case so long as the judgment
of the court of ordinary stood unimpeached; and it could not be attacked in the manner sought.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.