50 N.Y. 309 | NY | 1872
The alleged libel was matter included in the objections filed by the defendant, Coursen, as counsel for the defendant, Ellsworth, to the discharge from his debts of George Caldwell with the register in bankruptcy, to whom the matter had been referred by the court upon the petition of Caldwell for his discharge. Upon the hearing of the reference, Ellsworth, an opposing creditor of Caldwell, sought to prevent the discharge of Caldwell by showing that he was a partner in the firm of Marsh
Co., and, as such, entitled to an interest in the property of the firm, which he had fraudulently omitted from the inventory of his property. Caldwell insisted that he was not nor ever had been such partner; but that from 1850 to 1854 one Read, his father-in-law, was the partner of the plaintiff in the business carried on; and that in the latter year Read transferred his interest to his (Caldwell's) wife, who since had been the partner of the plaintiff; during all of which time he had been employed by Read and his wife to aid in carrying on the business at a salary of $5,000 a year, which salary he had drawn and expended in the support of his family. The defendant, Ellsworth, introduced the plaintiff as a witness, who gave testimony tending *311
to sustain the position of Caldwell. The alleged libel was in the third objection to the discharge filed by Coursen, as counsel on behalf of Ellsworth, the opposing creditor, as follows: "And the said creditor (Ellsworth) charges the said bankrupt with procuring his wife and Marsh (the plaintiff) to testify falsely, in the course of their examination in the proceedings, in regard to material facts in relation to the proceedings, in inducing said Marsh to testify that the said bankrupt was only a salaried employe of said Marsh Co., and that the share of the business assets and property of said firm, which in truth and fact belonged to the bankrupt, had, prior to 1854, been the property of one Joshua Read, and since 1854 had been and now is the property of said Eleanor J. Caldwell." It is obvious that the design of this objection, if made in good faith, was to induce a belief in the referee that the testimony of the plaintiff was false and perjured, and should be so regarded in determining the case. The fact that the bankrupt was charged with suborning him to give false testimony is not material, as his criminality (if guilty) consisted in knowingly giving false testimony; and this would not be at all aggravated by having done it by the persuasion of the bankrupt. This suggestion was probably made in the belief of Coursen that the statement would be more readily credited by assigning this motive. The fact that the plaintiff was introduced by Ellsworth is equally immaterial; as a party introducing a witness, though precluded from giving evidence impeaching his character, is nevertheless at liberty to prove that his testimony is untrue, either from mistake or intentional falsehood, and so to insist to the tribunal, whose duty it is to determine upon the credibility of the testimony. The question is whether this publication was privileged. The law is well settled that a counsel or party conducting judicial proceedings is privileged in respect to words or writings used in the course of such proceedings reflecting injuriously upon others, when such words and writings are material and pertinent to the questions involved; and that, within such limit, the protection is complete, irrespective of the motive with *312
which they are used; but that such privilege does not extend to matter, having no materiality or pertinency to such questions. (Gilbert v. The People, 1 Denio, 41; Hastings v. Lusk, 22 Wend., 410; Ring v. Wheeler, 7 Cowen, 725.) This is necessary to a thorough, searching investigation of truth. Should those engaged in the management of causes before courts be placed in fear of prosecutions for slander for reflections cast upon the credibility of parties and witnesses, and their defence made to depend upon the truth of what is said, trials of questions of fact, depending upon the credibility of witnesses, would be far less likely to lead to as correct results as in cases where no such embarrassment was felt. In the latter, the court and jury will have their attention called to every consideration having a tendency to enable them to arrive at the truth. This tends to promote an intelligent administration of justice. To secure this is of much greater importance than to prevent the evils arising from reflections cast upon parties or witnesses. Such reflections, if unfounded, produce no lasting injury, as their injustice will almost invariably be made apparent during the trial, and those only injured who have resorted to their use without any substantial ground therefor. Besides, the proper exercise of the powers of the presiding judge will, in most if not in all cases, prevent any abuse of this privilege. The privilege under consideration, it will be seen, is much more extensive than in many other cases where communications are termed privileged, as in giving the character of servants, etc. In the case of counsel, everything pertinent and material to the question involved is privileged, irrespective of the motive. (See cases, supra.) In the latter, the extent of the privilege is to repel the presumption of malice which the law implies from making the communication when there is no privilege, and bar a recovery in the absence of proof of express malice. Wright v. Woodgate
(2 Crompton, Meeson Roscoe, 573), cited by the plaintiff's counsel, was a case of the latter class; and all that is there said by the judge related to this class only, and has no relation to the extent of the privilege of *313
members of the legislature in their deliberations or of counsel in the trial of causes. White v. Carroll (
The judgment of the General Term, affirming the judgment for the defendants, must be affirmed.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed. *314