184 Mo. App. 198 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1914
Plaintiff below, respondent here, instituted his action on March 15,1911, in the circuit court of the city of St. Louis, praying the annuliment of a marriage contracted with defendant, as plaintiff alleged, on November 2, 1908. The grounds upon which he based his right to relief were, first, that the marriage was the result of duress, and, second, that defendant is a negro, while he is a white person.
Defendant answered by a general denial and the plea of a marriage in Illinois on July 3, 1908. This latter averment was met by a general denial in the reply.
The trial before the court resulted in a decree for plaintiff, from which defendant, after timely but unsuccessful motions for rehearing, appealed to this court.
In rendering the decree the learned trial court found that there was no contract of marriage entered into between plaintiff and defendant in the State of Illinois, and that the contract of marriage entered into between plaintiff and defendant in the city of St. Louis, on November 2, 1908, was without the consent and ag’ainst the will and wishes of plaintiff, and was the result of duress upon plaintiff, and further found that at the time of the contract of marriage entered into between plaintiff and defendant in the city of St.
The evidence as to the alleged marriage in the State of Illinois rests alone upon the testimony of defendant. This Illinois marriage was pleaded as an affirmative defense by defendant, hence the burden was upon her to prove it, plaintiff denying it in the most positive manner and there being no fact or circumstance tending to prove that it had occurred beyond the fact of cohabitation between the parties after that in this State. We may add that there is no corroborative evidence of defendant even as to the alleged fact of cohabitation as man and wife in this State after the alleged marriage in Illinois. On this issue the finding of the trial court is right.
On the issue of duress, on a very careful reading and consideration of the testimony in the case, we find ourselves unable to agree with the conclusion arrived at by the learned trial court that duress has been proven.
The duress relied upon are threats by a brother of this defendant and by her mother. It appears that defendant had a brother who was mentally unsound and, according to the testimony introduced on behalf of plaintiff, this brother had threatened, on several occasions, that if plaintiff did not marry his sister he would kill him, at the time flourishing a shotgun which defendant says was not loaded, and that these threats were communicated to plaintiff on the Saturday preceding the date of the marriage between the parties in St. Louis. It appears, according to the testimony of plaintiff, that the mother of defendant, an old lady some sixty-six years of age, on Sunday, November 1, 1908, accosted him on the street and demanded that he come to their house. He at first refused to go. The old lady told him he had better come; that she was not going to hurt him; would swear she would not hurt Mm or let anybody hurt him. So he went with
These are the threats relied on as constituting duress and as the basis of the claim that the act of consent to the marriage was procured by duress per minas.
It may be said that the mother, in the most positive manner, denied making any threats or locking the door of the room, so that this stands on the uncorroborated testimony of plaintiff himself. It may be further noted that the mother, in confirmation of her denial of locking the room door, testified that the house in which this occurred had but one key and that was to the front door, and that she not only did not lock the
"We are unable to find any cases in which it is held that acts of this kind constitute duress of such a character as to enable a party to escape from a contract into which he has entered, and the marriage- relation, in law, rests on contract. Mere apprehension of physical, or possible physical injury, is not sufficient. It must be fear of that degree of violence, threatened and impending, or actually inflicted, which is sufficient to overcome the mind and will of a person of ordinary firmness.
Duress is defined to be, “A condition which exists where one, by the unlawful act of another, is induced to make a contract or perform or foreg’o some act under circumstances which deprive him of the exercise of free will; a condition of mind produced by the improper external pressure or influence that practically destroys the free agency of a party, and causes him to do an act or make a contract not of his own volition; personal restraint or fear of personal injury or imprisonment; . . . intimidation, or compulsion of another to such an extent and degree as to induce such other person to do or perform some act which he is not legally bound to do, contrary to his will and inclination, ... or threats of bodily or other harm, or other means amounting to or tending to coerce the will of another, and actually inducing him to do an act contrary to his free will.” [14 Cyc., p. 1123.]
Duress per minas exists when a person is induced to perform an act to avoid a threatened and impending calamity.” [10 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2 Ed.), p. 324, par. C.]
It must be exercised and in force at the time the contract is done or the act entered into. Thus in Holmes v. Hill, 19 Mo. 159, treating of the duress by arrest and imprisonment, it is said (1. c. 170): “If the actions were brought against Hill, in good faith, to re
In Buchanan v. Sahlein, 9 Mo. App. 552, treating of duress per minas, it is said that duress by threats of imprisonment must be such as to excite a reasonable fear of immediate imprisonment.
In Wilkerson v. Hood, 65 Mo. App. 491, the same rule is announced. There, referring to threats of imprisonment, it is said (1. c. 493): “To amount to such duress, (they) must be of such a character and made under such circumstances as to excite the fears of a reasonably firm person that his imprisonment is imminent and immediate. This court has held that, to constitute duress by threats of imprisonment, the threats must be accompanied with the statement ‘that the prosecution had been begun, and that the parties had then the means immediately at hand of procuring the instant arrest and imprisonment of the person threatened,’ ” citing Buchanan v. 'Sahlein, supra.
The law applicable to duress per minas is so fully and comprehensively stated in Meredith v. Meredith, 79 Mo. App. 636, that without repeating it here, we refer to the opinion in that case which has many elements in common with the one here involved, and in which it appears that the plaintiff there was in much more imminent danger of violence than was the plaintiff here. The condition in which defendant was at the time plaintiff called on her at the house of her mother was the result of her connection with him, and according to her testimony she was then in imminent danger of death from the effects of treatment
Tbe residence of defendant and her family was on tbe rear of tbe same lot upon which tbe residence of plaintiff’s father and family was situated; in point of fact, defendant’s father and mother rented their premises from tbe father of tbe plaintiff. So there was nothing whatever to prevent plaintiff from appealing to bis own family, to tbe police, to friends, for protention, or to prevent him from leaving tbe neighborhood or even tbe city, and escaping from then carrying out tbe contract of marriage. Tbe case in this respect is as strong and in many respects very much like tbe case of Rooney v. Rooney, 54 N. J. Eq. 231. In’ that case, citing many authorities, tbe learned vice-chancellor held that there was no duress sufficient to avoid tbe contract. Guided by authority to which we have
It is said by our Supreme Court in Davis v. Fox, 59 Mo. 125, that in a suit to set aside a deed on the ground that it had been made under duress, that .the verdict for defendant in the trial court sustaining the deed, will not be set aside unless- the evidence clearly preponderated in favor of the plaintiff, and that where plaintiff had failed to assert his rights for the space of seven years, it would take an undoubted and conclusive case of duress to authorize a court of chancery to interfere.
In the' case at bar the period was not as long, but it was from November 2, 1908, when the marriage was solemnized, and plaintiff did not institute this action to annul this marriage until March 15, 1911.
When we come to the other ground, that is that it was a marriage void under our statute as between persons of white and negro blood, we are equally unable to sustain the finding of the learned trial judge on the ground that plaintiff here, upon whom the burden rests, has most distinctly failed to sustain that issue.
Plaintiff himself, born in this city, is of Italian ancestry. The evidence upon his part to establish the fact that defendant is a negress, rests, first, on his testimony that defendant had admitted that to him. She has denied this admission in the most positive and unequivocal terms. The remainder of the testimony tending to prove race, rests entirely upon that of two or three witnesses, outside of the members of plaintiff’s family, who were called as witnesses in his behalf, one a clerk in a store in which defendant had been employed, and another a grocer with whom the family dealt. The latter testified that it was his understanding, and the understanding in the neighborhood, that the family of defendant were negroes. The
The mother of defendant testified in the most positive terms that there was no negro blood in the family, in the veins of herself, her husband or her children ; her family had lived in Kentucky and in Mexico; two or more of her daughters are married to white men; their associates are with white people, not with negroes, although they had a few friends who are negroes. One of her immediate ancestors was a Mexican. It crops out through the testimony in this case, although not positively in evidence, that defendant had not brought forward their white associates in the city, because of shame over this attack which had been made upon her by plaintiff; that the family was anxious to avoid publicity. The mother disclosed the names and residences of her daughters who had married white men, and it was in evidence that two or more of them had done so, only under the compulsion of the court.
The burden was upon plaintiff to make out his case. ■ In the face of this affirmative testimony in behalf of defendant on this point, a point,so vital to the maintenance of this important feature in the case of the plaintiff, and of the exceedingly vague, indefinite and unconclusive evidence on it on behalf of plaintiff, it is impossible to say that plaintiff has made out his case by the preponderance of testimony. The preponderance and the weight of it is decidedly against him on this question of diversity of race. Here, we, as an appellate court, weigh the evidence. [Meredith v. Meredith, supra.]
It is held by the Court of Appeals of Kentucky, in Gentry v. McMinnis, 3 Dana 382, 1. c. 386 et seq., that color is in itself no proof of blood. So the Supreme Court of California held in People v. Hall, 4 Calif. 399.
¥e must bear in mind that the prohibition of the statute is not against color, but blood, or race.
On the tests of what constitutes a negro, as defined by the courts and the law, there is not a particle of tangible evidence in this case, even if we disregard that of defendant, on which it can be held that this defendant is a negro or, speaking accurately, a negress.
Another reason that leads us to the conclusion we have reached in this case is, that in this action, like in all actions in which a court of conscience is applied
In 1 Bishop on Marriage, Divorce and Separation (Ed. 1891), sec. 722, it is said: “In most circumstances, the law estops a party to allege in a court of justice his own wrong. Therefore one cannot maintain a suit to have his marriage set aside on the ground that it was contracted through his own fraud, though in law it is in substance void. ” So it is held in Rooney v. Rooney, supra. Citing in support of this, among others, Tefft v. Tefft, 35 Ind. 45, and Fuller v. Fuller, 33 Kan. 582, the vice-chancellor says (1. c. 243):~ “I think the weight and tendency of American authority are against affording affirmative relief to a person situate as the complainant is here. ’ ’ As before remarked,
On consideration of all the evidence in the case and of the decisions which we have very briefly referred to as applicable to a case of this kind, we do not think that plaintiff here has shown himself entitled to the relief for which he prays and which was awarded him by the trial court. Whatever remedy these parties may have, if their relations continue as they now appear to be, is on the divorce, not on the chancery side of our courts.
The judgment of the circuit court in this case is reversed.
Note by REYNOLDS, P. J.
In the United States the chancery courts — courts of equity — of the several States, with one or two exceptions, have always assumed jurisdiction in like causes — that is, suits brought to annul marriages, and applied to them the rules governing suits in equity brought to annul contracts. This in contradistinction to the practice of the English courts of chancery, where, prior to more recent legislation, jurisdiction over such causes belonged exclusively to the ecclesiastical courts. No such courts existing in this country, it was held at an early day that their jurisdiction “reverted” to the lay courts, that is, courts of equity. [See Wightman v. Wightman, 4 Johns. Chy. 343; Ferlat v. Gojon, 1 Hopkins Chy. 478; Rooney v. Rooney, supra; Avakian v. Avakian, 69 N. J. Eq. 89, affirmed 69 N. J. Eq. 834. See, also, 26 Cyc., 908, note 8 and eases there cited.] The courts of our own State, as appears by the cases cited in the body of the opinion, have, without question, exercised jurisdiction in such cases.
I am indebted for citation to the above authorities to a very able opinion delivered by Judge Lobinger in Cavanagh v. Worden, in the United States Court for China, published in Annual Bulletin Comparative Law Bureau, Am. Bar Assn. (July 1, 1914), p. 45.