194 P. 675 | Or. | 1921
This court, in the case of O’Neil v. Twohy Bros. Co., ante, p. 481 (190 Pac. 306), held that the trial court erred in overruling the demurrer, the motion for judgment on the pleadings, the motion for a nonsuit and the request for a directed verdict. The O’Neil case is now pending upon a petition for a rehearing, and we are earnestly requested to review again the questions decided by the opinion in that case. The issues in the O’Neil case are the same as those in the case of Marks v. Twohy Bros. Co., now under consideration.
As we understand the record, there is no controversy in regard to the following facts, namely: The Ochoco Irrigation District employed the plaintiff to construct the dam across Ochoco Creek and to build
“This conveyance.does not cover any water .rights owned by the individuals making this conveyance nor to any water right appurtenant to their individual lands. ’ ’
The complaint of plaintiff Marks is based upon the right to use the Table Land Ditch during the .season of 1918, for the purpose of conveying the water, to which he had a right, upon his lands. It will be noticed that plaintiff alleges that during all of that season there was a sufficient supply of water in
If the conveyance of the Table Land Ditch by the several plaintiffs to the Ochoco Irrigation District transferred all of the right, title, and interest of the plaintiffs in that ditch, of course the claim of plaintiff, as made in his complaint, cannot be sustained. Or, as stated in the brief of plaintiffs:
“The effect of this deed is the principal question raised upon this appeal in the causes of action involving fhe right of the several plaintiffs to flow water through the Table Land Ditch.”
The validity of the deed is not in question. It is complete upon its face. No ambiguity of the instrument is suggested or apparent. It may be stated that we are not dealing with a collateral agreement of the parties which does not affect the conveyance, nor with a question of fraud, accident or mistake.
Admitting the execution of the deed from the plaintiffs to the district, in order to overcome the force of the conveyance plaintiff asserts that—
“As a part of the consideration for said land said Ochoco Irrigation District orally agreed with each of. the grantors in said deed (and particularly with the plaintiff) that said Table Land Ditch should be thereafter continuously maintained and used by said district for the purpose of conveying 'the water appropriated by each of said grantors (including the plaintiff) in and through said ditch to the lands of each appropriator above mentioned (and including the lands of plaintiff mentioned in the complaint), and that the water appropriated by said grantors severally should ba conveyed therein to the lands of each*526 separate grantor until the irrigation works of said district should be constructed and completed.”
It is maintained by the defendant that the deed pleaded in its answer and introduced in evidence cannot be varied, contradicted, enlarged, or diminished by parol. It is the contention of plaintiffs that as the written instrument recites a' monetary consideration, only oral testimony is -admissible to show the true consideration.
“When the térms of an agreement have been reduced to writing by the parties, it is to be considered as containing all those terms, and therefore there can be, between the parties and their representatives or successors in interest, no evidence of the terms of the agreement, other than the contents of the writing, except in the following cases:—
“1. Where a mistake or imperfection of the writing is put in issue by the pleadings;
‘ ‘ 2. Where the validity of the agreement is the fact in dispute. But this section does not exclude other evidence of the circumstances under which the agreement was made, or to which it relates, as defined in Section 717, or to explain an ambiguity, intrinsic or extrinsic, or to establish illegality or fraud. The term ‘agreement’ includes deeds and wills as well as contracts between parties.”
Section 798, Or. L., as far as pertinent, reads thus:
“The following presumptions, and no others, are deemed conclusive: * *
“3. The truth of the facts recited from the recital in a written instrument, between the parties thereto,*527 their representatives or successors in interest by a subsequent title; but this rule does not apply to the recital of a consideration; * * . ”
It is a -well-established rule of the common law, which has been embodied in the statutes of a number of the states, including Oregon, that when any grant *ar other disposition of property, or any contract, agreement, or undertaking has been reduced to writing, and is evidenced by a document, such document cannot be contradicted, altered, added to, or varied by parol or extrinsic evidence. The rule is founded on the long experience that written evidence is so much more certain and accurate than that which is based on memory only that it would be unsafe, when the parties have expressed the terms of their agreement in writing, to admit weaker evidence to control and vary the stronger, and thereby show that the parties intended a different contract from that expressed in the written memorial signed by them. It is obvious that but for the rule, written instruments would soon come to be of little value if their explicit provisions could be varied, controlled, or superseded by parol evidence, and it is plain that a different rule would greatly increase the temptations to commit perjury. According to the modern and better view, the rule which prohibits the modification of a written contract by parol is one not of evidence merely but of substantive law: 22 C. J., p. 1070, § 1380.
*529 “Where the effect of parol evidence contradicting the consideration expressed in the instrument or showing the true consideration to be different therefrom would be to change or defeat the legal operation and effect of the instrument, or to add new matter to an agreement complete upon its face, the evidexlce is not admissible; for in such case it comes within the rule which forbids the introduction of parol evidence to vary, contradict, or defeat a written instrument, and not within the exception to that rule that parol evidence is admissible for the purpose of contradicting or showing that the true consideration is other and different from that expressed in the writing. ’ ’
“Where the statement in a written instrument as to the consideration is more than a mere statement of fact or acknowledgment of payment of money consideration, and is of a contractual nature, as where the consideration consists of a specific and direct promise by one of the parties to do certain things, this part of the contract can no more be changed or modified by parol or extrinsic evidence than any other part, for a party has the right to make the consideration of his agreement of the essence of the contract, and when this is done the provision as to the consideration for the contract must stand upon the same plane as the other provisions of the contract with reference to conclusiveness and immunity from attack by ¡phrol or extrinsic evidence. For the same reason, where the writing is complete upon its face, an additional executory consideration cannot be shown by parol, or, as it is sometimes expressed, new terms cannot be engrafted into an agreement by parol under the guise of varying the consideration.”
Undoubtedly for some purposes parol evidence may be introduced to explain or amplify the consideration
“Nor can you, under the guise of proving by parol the consideration of a written contract, add to or take from the other provisions of the written instrument. This would practically dispense # * with that sound rule of the common law, which finds in the written contract the exclusive and conclusive evidence of the intent and agreement • of the parties, and will not suffer such written contract to be varied or affected by any contemporaneous parol agreement.”
In Castleman-Blackmore Co. v. Pickeral etc. Co., 163 Ky. 750, 758 (174 S. W. 749), it is said:
“The rule that oral evidence is admissible to vary the consideration, stated in a written contract, should not be extended to include every motive that prompts the making of a contract. Here the alleged undertaking on the part of the defendant, though related in a way to the consideration, was purely contractual in its character, and cannot be regarded as a part of the consideration within the meaning of the rule relied on. Where a contract is valid and complete in itself parol evidence of other terms should not be permitted under the mere guise of showing consideration.”
The case of Houston v. Greiner, 73 Or. 304 (144 Pac. 133), comes within the principle last announced. This case is claimed by counsel for plaintiff to be contrary to the ruling announced in O’Neil v. Twohy Bros. Co., ante, p. 481 (190 Pac. 306), and herein Houston v. Greiner was a suit to set aside a deed, upon the grounds: (1) Failure of consideration; (2) mental incapacity of the grantor; (3) undue influence and coercion. Fraud on the part of the grantee was set forth in the complaint, as appears from an examination of the record in the case. The suit was decided upon the first point mentioned. There was no money consideration passed for the deed sought to be set aside. It was executed in consideration of an agreement for maintenance. The validity of the deed was in dispute.-. The question involved came squarely within the exception mentioned in subdivision (2) of Section 713, Or. L., as well as the rule above stated in regard to the admissibility of parol evidence to show an absence or failure of consideration for a contract. The opinion in that case is not in conflict with the rule in O’Neil v. Twohy Bros. Co., ante, p. 481 (190 Pac. 306), and in the present case. The announcements of this court in regard to the question under consideration in the case
It is plain from all of the circumstances of the case that it was the plan of the irrigation district, which was organized in the interest of the plaintiffs, to change the irrigation system then employed by the several plaintiffs, and to erect a dam across Ochoco Creek and construct a canal leading therefrom, a portion of which was on the site of the Table Land Ditch. In order to do this it was absolutely necessary to destroy the Table Land Ditch. That was the reason of the purchase of the ditch and the execution of the conveyance mentioned. Plaintiffs by their suits, in so far as the same pertain to the Table Land Ditch, are seeking to nullify the effect of their conveyance.
We see no necessity of alluding to the statute of frauds, or the right of ■ eminent domain, which are referred to in the briefs.
It follows that the causes of action pertaining to the Table Land Ditch cannot be maintained. The trial court erred in overruling the demurrer to the reply, and denying the motion for judgment on the pleadings, and the motion for nonsuit in the present case of Marks v. Twohy Bros. Co.
The judgment of the lower court will therefore be reversed. Beversed.