109 Neb. 514 | Neb. | 1922
The defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree and sentenced to life-imprisonment. He interposed the plea of self-defense. It is his contention that the evidence shows the killing took place upon a sudden quarrel, and does not, in any event, justify a conviction of any greater offense than manslaughter.
The defendant was a Polander, having been born in Poland, Russia, and could speak very little in the English language. On December 17, 1921, he went to the barber shop of deceased, in Omaha. The deceased offered to sell him a drink. Defendant stated that he had a 20-dollar bill only. This the deceased offered to change for him. The defendant took a drink of whisky, for. which it was agreed he should pay 50 cents. The deceased took the bill, but refused to return any change, saying, that the defendant could take the balance out in ¿rinks. After a time both parties left the barber shop. The deceased went to a soft-drink parlor a few doors away. The defendant, some 15 or 20 minutes later, entered the soft-drink parlor. There is evidence to show that just before éntering he drew an automatic revolver, and that as he entered the door with the revolver in his hand he said, “I kill,” and mumbled something further which the witness could not understand. There were a number of people in the soft-drink parlor, most of them Russians, and who could not converse well in the Polish language. The defendant was a foreigner among them. When he entered the room the deceased was standing about halfway back toward the further end of the room, the room being about 60 feet in length, and was eating a sandwich at the counter. He was unarmed. There is evidence to show that when the defendant approached within some eight or ten feet of the deceased he said something about wanting his money and immediately began
The defendant’s testimony was that he carried the revolver because he was afraid to leave it at home where his children might get it. He related the altercation with the deceased at the barber shop,' much as described
The jury believed the testimony of the state’s’ witnesses as to the nature and character of the attack made by the defendant, ■ and,. without further detailing the testimony, except as above outlined, though we have carefully examined-it, we feel that there can be no question but that the evidence- is sufficient to support the conviction of murder in the first degree. The testimony on behalf of the state shows a quarrel, a separation of the parties, and an interval of some 15 or 20 minutes, in which the defendant was thinking over his grievance. There, is enough to show a deliberate, premeditated determination, actuated by the spirit of revenge, on the part of the defendant, to take the law into his own hands, and, should the deceased continue to wrong him in refusing to return the money, to take the deceased’s life.
The defendant did not speak or understand the English language, and assigns as a ground of error that the testimony of the various witnesses, as it was introduced, was not interpreted to him, nor the statements of court and counsel explained to him during the .progress of the trial, and that his trial was, therefore, conducted in violation
At the commencement.-of-, the trial suggestion was made that the defendant did not, understand, the English language, and that he should be furnished an interpreter to interpret the evidence as given and to explain the things said and done during the. proceeding. The court thereupon appointed an interpreter, who was admittedly competent, and who was the person selected by the defendant himself. This interpreter sat throughout the trial at the side of the defendant. After conviction the defendant, in support of a motion for a new trial, presented an affidavit, setting forth that he did not understand the testimony of the. witnesses, nor the various steps taken and things done during the trial, and that the interpreter had not interpreted nor explained any of these things to him. While the defendant was upon the witness-stand himself, however, the interpreter did serve, and translated all. cpiestions put and answers given.
There is no provision either in the Constitution or statutes of this state, which expressly provides that the court shall see to it that all testimony given in a criminal trial shall be interpreted to the accused in language that he understands. Though it is the duty and province of a court to see that a- witness comprehends all questions asked, in order that such questions may be answered understanding^, and must provide an interpreter for that purpose where, in the court’s discretion, one is necessary, that rule does not satisfy the qumre of whether or not the court is required to furnish an interpreter to interpret to the defendant all of the testimony of the various witnesses as it is given during the trial. Livar v. State, 26 Tex. App. 115.
The defendant bases his claim, that the court was bound to see that all the testimony was interpreted to him as it was introduced, entirely upon those provisions in the state and federal Constitutions which declare that
The defendant argues that he is not confronted with the witnesses in the legal sense of that term, where he is not made to understand their testimony as it is given. In Mattox v. United States, 156 U. S. 237, it is said: “The primary object of the constitutional provision in question was to prevent depositions or ex parte affidavits, such as were sometimes admitted in civil cases, being used against the prisoner in lieu of a personal examination and cross-examination of the witness in which the accused has an opportunity, not only of testing the recollection and sifting the conscience of the witness, but of compelling him to stand face to face with the jury in order that they may look at him, and judge by his demeanor upon the stand and the manner in which he gives his testimony whether he is worthy of belief.”
Though the court must accord the defendant full opportunity to obtain all the benefit of this constitutional right and, to that end, to understand the testimony of the witnesses against him, so that a proper cross-examination may be had, we know of no affirmative duty devolving on the court to see that the defendant does have interpreted to him everything that is said and done, as it occurs, during the progress of' the trial. The court in this case surely performed its full duty of preserving to the defendant his rights in that regard by appointing the interpreter selected by the defendant, an interpreter Avho was admittedly competent, and who was appointed for the declared purpose of interpreting and explaining to the defendant all' of the things said and done during the trial. The defendant and his' attorney Avere furnished the means by which the defendant could be fully apprised
Error is predicated on the refusal of the trial.court to give an instruction tendered by the defendant, based upon the maxim “Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus■ The form of the instruction tendered is not questioned. It advised the jury that, should they believe from the. evidence that any witness in the case had wilfully testified falsely as to any material facts in the case, then they were at liberty to disregard all of the testimony of any such Avitness, save such testimony as they might find corroborated by the testimony of other credible witnesses. . . .
Where the condition of the testimony is such as to require the giving of such an instruction, it has been held that the refusal of the court to give it, when properly tendered, is reversible error. Barber v. State, 75 Neb. 543; Titterington v. State, 75 Neb. 153. And see 16 C. J. 1017, sec. 2442. The evidence to which the instruction was particularly applicable ki the cases just cited is not discussed in the opinions. It is only stated there that there was a serious conflict in the testimony, as between certain Avitnesses. We do not believe in every case*-where there is merely a conflict of testimony, that the court is required to give the instruction in question. In most of-
Where the defendant bases error on the refusal to give such an instruction, he must, by his bill of exceptions, shoAv that the peculiar condition of the testimony required the giving of it. State v. Allen, 111 La. 154.
Where the testimony is such as to show that a particular witness has wilfully and corruptly testified falsely to certain particular matters, and has also given testimony on certain other material issues in the case, upon which he has not likewise been directly impeached, it is plain that such an instruction would be of particular benefit to the opposing party. It is obvious, however, that such an instruction would not be applicable to every case Avhere there is a conflict between the testimony of a witness on one side, and the testimony of a witness on the other, for, though there be evidence to show that a certain witness has testified falsely on a particular issue, still, if his testimony is confined to that issue and he has not testified to other material facts in the case, upon which he is not, to the same degree, directly contradicted or impeached, then, should the jury disbelieve him as to the testimony which he has given, they would not be called upon to disregard his testimony on some other issues, for there would be no such testimony in the record to disregard. In the absence of such a peculiar condition of the testimony, requiring the giving of the instruction, it
In Milton v. Holtzman, 216 S. W., (Mo. App.) 828, the Missouri court has gone so far as to lay down the rule that, in any case, “Such instruction is ‘nothing more than an affirmative declaration of the power possessed by the jury in determining the credibility of witnesses.’ State v. Barnes, 274 Mo. 625. And it may well be. presumed that a jury will not hesitate, to exercise that power, if the circumstances warrant it, without being specifically told- that they may do so.” See, also, Thompson v. Portland Hotel Co., 209 Mo. App. 476; State v. Barnes, 274 Mo. 625; State v. Banks, 40 La. Ann. 736; State v. McDevitt, 69 Ia. 549.
It is true that there was a direct and serious conflict, in the testimony in this case between that of the defendant and that .offered by. the state’s witnesses relating to the main issues in controversy: It is manifest from a reading of the record that either the defendant qr the state’s witnesses testified tq a falsehqqd, but, .viewing the testimeny qf the state’s. witnesses alone, there is little substantial, contradiction among them. The defendant’s counsel, let us emphasize, does not point out in his brief any particular testimony on the part of any of the state’s witnesses to which he wishes to apply- the maxim. In oral argument he did mention the testimony of the 15-year-old boy, who testified that he saw the defendant, about 100 feet, from the soft-drink parlor., after haying left the barber shop, go up the street in the -direction of the defendants home,, and that he saw. him return., in about 10 minutes. This boy also was the.witness who testified that the defendant drew his gun from his pocket just before entering the soft-drink parlor.. No witness corroborates the 'boy in either of these particulars; anti
The court gave a cautionary instruction to the jury, Warning them to exercise a greater care in weighing the testimony of police officers and detectives because of the natual and unavoidable tendency of such persons to procure and remember only such testimony as would be against the defendant. The defendant complains of this instruction for the reason that the court qflded: “This does not mean, by any means, however, that 'such officers should necessarily be disbelieved, but only that in weigHing their testimony such caution as above described
Defendant assigns error on the ground of the refusal of the court to give an instruction tendered by him covering the matter of self-defense. By other instructions given by the court, that defense was fairly and adequately covered. It is claimed, however, that the instruction given by the court was not proper as not being based upon any reasonable theory of the evidence actually adduced at the trial, and was inconsistent. The instruction was as follows:
“Even though you should believe from the evidence that the deceased kept some money of defendant to which the defendant was entitled, as claimed by him, yet should you further believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that thereafter the defendant sought out the deceased and shot and killed him at a time and under circumstances when the defendant had no reasonable apprehension of immediate and impending serious injury to himself, and did so from a spirit of retaliation or revenge for the purpose of punishing the deceased for the alleged wrong done him in keeping his money, then the defendant cannot avail himself of the law of self-defense and you should not acquit him on that ground no matter how great the danger or imminent the peril to which defendant may have believed himself to have been exposed during the affray.”
There was certainly a sufficient basis for the instruction in the evidence, and, in view of the evidence on behalf of the state upon which the instruction is premised, the final clause could only have referred to the affray which followed the defendant’s initial attack. In view of other instructions on the law of self-defense and the condition of the evidence, the instruction could not have
A life sentence is perhaps a severe penalty in this case. The defendant, a poor laboring man, was subjected to the greatest provocation. The little money that he had was being wrongfully withheld by the deceased, whether or not with the intent of depriving him of it, at least for the purpose of tantalizing and enraging him. The defendant’s mind became obsessed with the idea as evidenced by his demand: “Give me the rest of that back; I got childs and my woman was killed and I have to work for my childs.” But the penalty is the minimum for the offense of which he was found guilty, and the court is without authority to reduce it.
The judgment of the lower court is therefore
Affirmed.