204 Mo. 242 | Mo. | 1907
Plaintiffs, doing business as partners in Chicago, Illinois, on June 20, 1902, sued defendant, a domestic corporation doing business in Butler county, Missouri, for a balance due on the sale and delivery of certain black and galvanized pipe of sundry dimensions on two dates, to-wit, March 22 and April 11,1902.
At a trial in February, 1904, to the court without a jury, the issues were found against plaintiffs, they recovering nothing. On the other hand, the issues were found in favor of defendant on a counterclaim and defendant recovered a judgment of $9,046.30. From this judgment plaintiffs appeal.
Both appellants and respondent served and filed abstracts under rule 11. Further, under that rule, appellants filed objections to respondent’s purported “full and complete abstract,” the bone of contention being over the trial answer. A question being raised on the accuracy of said answer as abstracted, and it being contended, furthermore, that both of the' abstracts by misadventure were faulty, the matter came to a head by our ordering a duly certified copy of the amended answer to be sent up and filed here as part of the record., The record being perfected in this particular, no question is now raised but what we have before us the true trial answer, filed below on June 2,1903. Plaintiffs filed a motion below to strike out parts of the answer, which motion was sustained in part; but there is no record here giving metes and bounds to the parts of the answer stricken out. True, the court’s order in the premises refers to the answer as if divided into marked and numbered sections and paragraphs. But if there were any such sections or numbers, they rested only in the mind’s eye of court and counsel for purposes of their own, nisi; and, not being saved in the record, all identifying earmarks of excluded matter are absent and we have no light, unless we have recourse to mind-reading — a method of supplying record not recognized by the law and implying an appellate ability of doubtful existence and doubtful value. There
Questions are made here calling for some particularity in dealing with the answer. Attending thereto, it appears defendant joined issue by a general denial, excepting therefrom specific admissions — the admissions being its incorporation and its payment to plaintiffs of the said sum of $1,829.13, which sum the answer avers was more than was due. On the theory of full payment (setting forth the facts upon which said theory proceeds) the answer alleges plaintiffs’ failure to deliver 1284 feet of the pipe in suit, thus reducing the contract price by the value of such omitted pipe. Further, on such theory, it is averred that the contract of purchase made by plaintiffs and defendant was in the form of a written correspondence, consisting of a proposal asked, an offer made, followed by an acceptance; that by that contract defendant was to pay on a basis of a certain schedule or printed list price, less certain specified discounts, and the point to a line of defense pleaded is based upon the proper construction of such discounts. To sufficiently indicate this line of defense, it will be necessary to take only one item of a long account as a sample of many others. Thus: one offer was in the form of a discount from the price list of a certain kind of pipe of “48.15-5 and 2% per cent.” Defendant avers that the figures “48.15,” separated by a point as indicated, mean two discounts, one following on the heels of the other, to-wit: first, one of 48 per cent, and, second, one of 15 per cent — to be then followed by one of 5 per cent, one of 2 per cent and one ■ of y2 per cent. There is no difference between plaintiffs and defendant as to the meaning of the formula “-5 and 2y2 per cent;” but they lock horns on the figures “48.15,” which plaintiffs insist is one discount, ex
With this explanation it will be sufficient to say that the answer, on defendant’s theory of the discounts, avers full payment of all the pipe delivered; that it accepted the offer on its theory of the discounts; that the custom of the trade was not to use the decimal system, but to use common fractions when any were called for in discounting schedule prices'of pipe; and, further, that if defendant did unintentionally misconstrue plaintiffs’ offer, then its defense is that plaintiffs mixed the decimal system of quoting discounts with common fractions for the very purpose of deceiving defendant, and did deceive defendant into accepting the offer. Or, if plaintiffs acted in good faith in confusingly mixing decimal and vulgar fractions in its discount, then the minds of the contracting parties never met on the price, and, on that theory, also, defendant pleaded payment of the full market price of the actually delivered pipe, even if it was sound and marketable. The answer at length then sets forth a counterclaim in the following language (stress, for appellate purposes, being somewhat laid on italicized parts):
“Defendant for further answer herein and in the nature of a set off or counter-claim to the plaintiffs’ cause of action, says, that plaintiffs is a partnership doing business in the city of Chicago, State of Illinois, and that the defendant is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Missouri, and as such is running and operating a large, extensive and expensive cooperage manufactory, at the city of Poplar Bluff, Butler county, Missouri, and, as such, receives and fills orders throughout the civilized world. Defendant further says that on or about the 12th day of December, 1901, its factory, located near the city of Poplar Bluff, was burned and totally destroyed by fire. That thereafter plaintiff [defendant] in order to resume business*252 at the earliest practicable moment and at a great expense, began immediately to rebuild its factory and rehabilitate itself as a cooperage manufactory, and that in order to carry on its business and operate its factory it was necessary to have different lines of pipe, made of good material and of good quality, for the purpose of conveying steam and water to various parts of its factory and to be used in operating its said factory,- that its factory was nearing completion, which plaintiffs well knew, and also well knew the purpose for which said pipe was a necessity in said factory when it made its offer in writing to the defendant to sell said pipe. That at the time plaintiffs agreed in writing to sell and did sell, and defendant agreed in writing to buy and did buy a certain lot of pipe of different kinds and of various sises and dimensions as is set out in the exhibits attached to the petition, the plaintiffs ivell knew the purpose for which said pipe ivas bought, and in what capacity it was to be used in defendant’s factory, and plaintiffs also knew that it required pipe of good material and good quality to answer defendant’s purposes. That the contract of the sale of the said pipe was agreed upon, by means of a certain proposition in writing, made by the plaintiffs, through the United States mail, from the city of Chicago, to the defendant at the city of Poplar Bluff, and was received by the defendant at said city of Poplar Bluff and, through the same medium, the defendant at once accepted the proposition, relying upon the honest and business integrity of the plaintiffs and the truth of their assertions and representations as to the kind and quality of pipe. Defendant further says that under the circumstances, before the pipe was delivered to it, on board the cars, at the city of Poplar Bluff, it had no means of inspecting the said pipe and, even if it had, that the defects in said pipe were latent and could not have been discovered, by an expert, in examining*253 said pipe. Defendant further answering says that, by the sale so made as aforesaid, the plaintiffs warranted that said pipe was good, sound, merchantable and fit for the purposes for which it loas sold and bought; and so the defendant, relying upon said warranty of fitness, goodness and soundness, bought the said pipe from the plaintiffs and paid to them the amount set out in plaintiffs’ petition as being paid, the same being the amount agreed upon between the plaintiff and the defendant, as defendant understood the price in the contract of sale. Defendant further says that, at the time of said sale, and warranty, the said pipe was not sound, nor was it fit for the service for which the defendant intended it, but on the contrary was very defective, unsound and unfit for the service aforesaid and was wholly worthless to this defendant, and all of which the plaintiffs'well knew, or could have known by reasonable diligence. That the said pipe was constructed of the very poorest material out of which it was possible to mould said pipe, that it was very poorly and imperfectly welded, and would burst on the slightest pressure of steam and has been ever since it was first placed in position at said factory and is yet continually leaking, breaking and bursting, and by reason thereof, the defendant has from time to time been compelled to remove said pipe and replace the same with good pipe at a great expense, and to the defendant’s damage in the sum of five hundred and twenty dollars; that the galvanized pipe included in the defendant’s order was poorly galvanized and imperfectly welded and that in many instances the galvanizing on the inside of the said pipe would slough off and fill up the cavity of the pipe and thus prevent and obstruct the passage of either water or steam through said pipe. Defendant further says that by reason of the poor quality of said pipe it was continuously breaking, bursting and leaking and many times it has been compelled to shut*254 down its factory, and open and expose the staves contained in its dry kilns to sudden changes in temperature in order to cut out and replace the bursted and defective pipe, delivered by plaintiffs to defendant to be placed in said dry kilns, which had the effect to ruin said staves, for use, making them unmerchantable and worthless and were a total loss to this defendant; that by this means defendant lost 9,000 34 by 3-4 whiskey staves worth $45 per thousand, and for which defendant says it was damaged in the sum of four h/mdred and five dollars; and that by this means 2500 45 by 1 inch export rum staves at $75 per thousand, for which defendant says it was damaged in the sum of $187; that by reason of having to iopen said kilns it has, in the total, lost the use of the same for fifty days, the same being worth ten dollars per day, by reason whereof, the defendant is damaged in the sum of five hundred dollars. Defendant further says by reason of the premises aforesaid, that is to say, the expense of cutting out said pipe, paying labor for the same and the other items set out above it has been damaged in the sum of five thousand dollars.
“Defendant further answering says that, as stated in plaintiffs’ petition, it has paid to the plaintiffs for said imperfect, unsound and unserviceable pipe the sum of one thousand eight hundred and twenty-nine dollars and thirteen cents, whereas in truth and in fact the said pipe was not worth more than one-third of the amount charged by the plaintiffs, and paid by the defendant, that is to say, that it was not worth more than six hundred and nine dollars and seventy-one cents, and that defendant has been damaged thereby in the sum of tivelve hundred and nineteen dolla/rs and forty-two cents.
“"Wherefore, defendant says that by reason of the damages as above set forth in detail it has been damaged in the aggregate sum of six thousand two hun*255 dred and nineteen dollars and forty-two cents, and for ■which it asks judgment.”
To the foregoing answer, plaintiffs replied by a general denial.
It will be seen that defendant did not content itself with pleading the substantive facts upon which it predicated damages in its counterclaim, and then laying its damages generally, but it adopted the method of particularizing the elements of its damages, laying them on each specification. For instance, the answer alleges the pipe was not sound, etc., and that it was continually leaking and bursting and, from time to time, defendant was compelled to remove said pipe and replace the same with good pipe at an expense and to the defendant’s damage in the sum of $520.
Then, after specifying other defects in the pipe and renewing the charge that it burst and leaked off and on, the answer alleged that defendant was compelled thereby to shut down its factory, thus opening and exposing the staves in its dry kilns to sudden changes in temperature, which sudden variations in temperature ruined the staves being seasoned at such times and made them unmarketable and a total loss to defendant. Summarizing its damage on this score, the answer says defendant lost nine thousand whiskey staves, 34 by 3-4, to its damages in the sum of $405; and twenty-five hundred export rum staves, 45 by 1, to its damage in the sum of $187; and the use of its kiln for fifty days at ten dollars per day, to its damage in the sum of five hundred dollars. After the foregoing specifications, the answer goes on by way of arithmetical computation and summary to say that “by reason of the premises aforesaid, that is to say, the expense of cutting out said pipe, paying labor for the same and the other,items set out above, it has been damaged in the sum of five thousand dollars..”
To the foregoing is added one other element of
A fair construction of this answer is that the sum of five thousand dollars pleaded as aggregate damages up to a certain point, is a slip in computation; and this is so, because the items of damage preceding that aggregate do not make that sum, but make the sum of $1,612. If to the latter sum be added the $1,219'.42 of alleged excess payment, we have an answer that counts on a counterclaim in the amount of $2,831.42 damages, and not $6,219.42, as aggregated in its last clause.
It stands practically conceded that under the contract the pipe was to be delivered to defendant free on board cars at East St. Louis; that at defendant’s request it was billed from East St. Louis over the Iron Mountain railroad to Poplar Bluff to defendant; that it was done up in bundles and that bulk was broken at East St. Louis, the pipe being shifted from Illinois Central cars to Iron Mountain cars at that point, as the result of defendant’s order to rebill there. Plaintiffs’ uncontradicted, evidence showed all the pipe ordered was shipped; and the evidence tends to show it all arrived at East St. Louis, the contract place of delivery, and that the shortage, if any, occurred in breaking bulk there or en route from East St. Louis to Poplar Bluff. Defendant’s proof was to the effect that a shortage was discovered in checking the pipe off at Poplar Bluff.
There is not a particle of evidence directed to the proof of the averments of defendant’s answer, to the the effect that plaintiffs knew that defendant’s cooper
It was shown that the pipe was to be paid for on delivery; and it appears that suit was brought on June 20,1902, and that the pipe was installed in defendant’s cooperage plant in the summer of that year — probably in July or August. So that, defendant had no opportunity of testing the pipe before suit brought.
Plaintiffs produced evidence tending to show that the pipe was good merchantable pipe and had been tested at its plant before shipment. Defendant intro
On the issue relating to the discounts to be allowed, it appears that the first item of discount in every instance was plainly marked as a decimal fraction, the integers being properly separated from the fraction
Defendant’s évidence further tended to show that if its theory of the discounts and its theory of a shortage and plaintiffs’ liability therefor were adopted, it had made full payment of all pipe delivered.
When it came to proving its consequential damages, defendant, not confining itself to the limits of its answer, was allowed a wide and unregulated range. For instance, it introduced evidence tending to show it suffered damage in the amount of six hundred and fifty dollars by shutting down kilns, shutting off steam and taking out six hundred and fifty pieces and rethreading six hundred and fifty feet of new pipe (the nearest approach to this item in the answer is five hundred and twenty dollars); and damage in the amount of two thousand and six hundred dollars for two hundred and sixty days at ten dollars per day in loss of use of kilns, and eighty dollars for the loss of use of other kilns (the nearest approach to both these items in the answer is the allegation of fifty days ’ loss at ten dollars per day, to-wit, five hundred dollars). The rum staves lost were shown to be eighteen thousand, one hundred, valued at one thousand, eight hundred and ten dollars (in the answer the number of rum staves was placed at two
Plaintiffs made no objection to the introduction of the foregoing testimony and offered no countervailing proof — their counsel announcing to the court, in effect, that his clients stood upon their non-liability in law for any damages of that character.
Plaintiffs, having asked, were refused the following declarations of law (among others), saving their exceptions at the time:
‘ ‘ The court; sitting as a jury, declares as the law of this case, that upon the pleadings and the evidence defendant is not entitled to recover, of and from the plaintiffs, any damage for labor, or for any injury to its staves or heading, or for any loss of the use of its dry kilns.
‘ ‘The court, sitting as a jury, declares as the law of this case, that although the court should find from the evidence that the wrought iron pipe purchased from the plaintiffs was not suitable for the use and purpose for which it was used by the defendant, yet if the court should further find that plaintiffs were not advised and notified of the purpose for which defendant desired to*261 use said pipe, and that at the time that said pipe was sold to the defendant plaintiffs did not know that said pipe was to he used in defendant’s dry kilns, for the purpose of drying of staves and heading; defendant cannot recover of and from the plaintiffs for any damage sustained by reason of any injury to said staves or heading, or for any loss of the use of said kilns.”
In the motion for a new trial, error was alleged in refusing the foregoing instructions; and the motion in arrest was based upon the ground (among others) that “upon the record said judgment is erroneous.” Timely exceptions were saved to the ruling on each of these motions. On this record, was the case well tried? Manifestly not. Because:
I. Defendant’s counterclaim was in the nature of a cross-petition, and, as such, amenable to accepted rules relating to stating a cause of action. The object of all pleading is to develop the real issue, in as short, nervous and perspicuous a way as may be. At common law, “good pleading consists in good matter pleaded in good form, in apt time, and due order.” [C'o. Litt. 303.] Pacts should be stated logically, in their natural order, with certainty, that is, clearly and distinctly, to the end that the party who is to answer may readily understand what is meant in order to prepare his defense. Pleadings are no longer to be put in (in any court of this State) by counsel, ore tenus, or vive v\oce, as at Athens, or as at the very old common law. [2 Bl. 293.] Our Code of Civil Procedure contemplates they shall be in writing and signed by counsel. That code contemplates further that a cause of action should be stated in a plain and concise way, consisting of facts constituting it, that no allegation should be made which the law does not require to be proved and that only substantive facts should be stated. The converse of these propositions follows and obtains inevitably, that is, that material facts not. in writing shall not be proved
To cite authority to sustain a self-evident proposition like the foregoing, is but to confuse or throw doubt upon it; and, therefore, none is necessary.
If defendant had seen fit tO' amend its answer before, during or after trial in accordance with our liberal statutory provisions, or if plaintiffs had seen fit to adopt defendant’s new issues as within the answer, had offered countervailing proof on such extraneous issues, and joined in submitting them to the court sitting as a jury, the question might take on another form on appeal; but on an answer which (fairly construed) demands judgment for $2,831.42, or which (taken in its dry letter without reference to items of damage) demands judgment in an aggregate of $6,219,42, to allow a recovery of $9,046.30 is to make a gazing-stock of the law and establish a precedent which, if followed, would overthrow not only the logic but the common sense of the science of pleading.
On this record, the judgment was erroneous and it was reversible error to overrule the motion in arrest.
II. As the cause must be reversed and remanded for a new trial, other questions made here will be determined. For instance, on this record, was defend
It will be observed the answer alleges plaintiffs well knew the following things, viz, that defendant’s cooperage factory had, burned down, that a new one was nearing completion, that the pipe ordered was necessary in said factory, and knew the use to which the pipe was to be put in drying cooperage stuff. The answer, then, in effect, charges that, so knowing all the foregoing things, plaintiffs undertook to and did sell such pipe to defendant as would be fit for such particular use, and that defendant bought the pipe under a warranty to that effect and installed it relying on the contract and in ignorance of its faults. The legal effect of this part of the answer, in final analysis, may be summed up to be a charge that defendant employed plaintiffs to exercise their judgment in selecting and furnishing to it pipe fit for use in the drying kilns of a cooperage factory, and should be mulcted in consequential damages for failing to perform their duty in that behalf.. The pleading is well enough in this behalf but, when it came to the proof, not one of the foregoing allegations was made good. Defendant’s letterheads, however blandly read, were not pregnant with proof of such allegations, as argued by learned counsel. The fact that the order recited that defendant would expect the pipe to be up to the standard specifications of weight and quality does not supply such proof, as further argued;'and the same may be said of that conjectural clause in defendant’s order referring to the fact that it would in the future need considerably more steam pipe. None of these things can be broadened into evidence tending to bring the alleged knowledge home to plaintiffs. Nay, more, if it was intended to bring such knowledge home to plaintiffs by the self-serving and self-laudatory allegation in the answer that defendant runs “a large, extensive and expensive
Absent this proof, and absent any agreement (as here)' expressly warranting the pipe to be fit for the particular use to which it was put, the question is whether the plaintiffs are liable for the consequential damages sued fori Under the terms of the contract as spelled out in the correspondence, there was obviously (as said) no express warranty, and that phase of the matter may be accordingly put aside. The remaining question is: Was there an implied warranty?
We will not encumber this opinion by extended quotations from the many cases and text-writers industriously collated and cited by counsel; but the applicable rule of law is aptly formulated by Mr. Chief Justice Fuller in Seitz v. Brewers’ Refrig. Co., 141 U. S. 510, and it will not be amiss to quote and adopt what is there said on page 518, et seq., thus: ‘ ‘ The rule invoked is, that where a manufacturer contracts to supply an article which he manufactures, to be applied to a particular purpose, so that the buyer necessarily trusts to the judgment of the manufacturer, the law implies a promise or undertaking on his part that the article so manufactured and sold by him for a specific purpose, and to be used in a particular way, is reasonably fit and proper for the purpose for which he professes to make it, and for which it is known to bé re
It will be seen that to hold a seller liable for consequential damages for a failure of an article to fit a specific purpose (which is the case at bar) the first rule announced above proceeds on the assumption that the seller had knowledge of such specific intended use and contracted to supply that identical use. Mr. Benjamin in his profoundly scholarly work on Sales (Benj. on Sales (5 Eng. Ed.), p. 624), states the rule the same way, thus: “Fourthly — "Where a manufacturer or a dealer contracts to supply an article which he manufactures or produces, or in which he deals, to be applied to a particular purpose, so- that the buyer necessarily trusts to the judgment o-r skill of the manufacturer or dealer, there is in that case an implied term or warranty that it shall be reasonably fit for the purpose to which it is to be applied. In such a case the buyer trusts to the manufacturer or dealer, and relies upon his judgment, and not upon his own.”
The rule relating to damages for the breach of a contract of warranty generally approved, is found in the leading case of Hadley v. Baxendale, 9 Ex. 341, 26 Eng. L. & Eq. 398. In that case Baron Aldebson said: “Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect of such breach of contract should be such as may fairly and reasonably be considered, either arising naturally, i. e., according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself, or such as may reasonably be supposed
It will be seen, then, that damages may be recovered of two classes: first, such as arise naturally, according to the usual course of things, from the breach of the contract; and. secondly, such as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of the parties at the time they made the contract as the probable result of a breach. Damages of the latter class are termed consequential.
Under the first class, where the buyer retains the article, damages may be recovered for the difference between the actual value of the article at the time of the sale and what its value would have been if it had been as warranted (30 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 209, such values to be determined by the market at the place of delivery, and if there is no market there then at the nearest market; and of course in given circumstances, where the article is entirely worthless and the price has already been paid, the buyer may recover the price back.
Under the second class, to-wit, consequential damages, all damages reasonably within the contemplation of the parties may be recovered. Under this head, if I contract to supply pipe to my neighbor to be applied to a known and particular use, under such circumstances that my neighbor trusts to my judgment, and not to his own, that the pipe will serve the known and specified purpose, then a promise or undertaking is implied on my part that the pipe is reasonably fit for the particular purpose. If, therefore, I sell pipe to my neighbor under an implied warranty that it is fit for use to supply steam heat for drying kilns in a cooperage plant and my neighbor relying on the warranty and knowing nothing of the unfitness of the pipe,'! e., without negli
Now, the case at bar does not come witMn the last hypothesis in any particular. Here plaintiffs knew nothing of the particular use to which the pipe was to be applied, hence did not contract with a view to that use, and, hence, there was no implied warranty. Not only so, but under the facts of this record, supplied by defendant, the weakness, rottenness and other defects in the pipe became fully known to it, through its superintendent, while the pipe was under manipulation in being installed.and before a pound of steam was'turned on. Hse of unfit pipe, after knowledge of unfitness, comes within the maxim, volenti non fit injuria. A running account of damages accruing through a year or so of such use, as here, is looked on with an averted face by the law. A buyer of pipe may not breed and multiply actionable damages against the seller in that way.
■We conclude that the instructions hereinbefore set forth were the law of the case. By not giving them and by allowing consequential damages, it becomes clear the trial court tried the case on a radically erroneous theory, and the judgment should be reversed on that account also.
III. The pipe was to be delivered at East St. Louis — not at Poplar Bluff. The evidence is that the entire invoice was shipped and arrived at East St. Louis, and, moreover, is that if any shortage occurred it was after the resMpment at that point; and, hence, under elementary law, the loss must fall upon defendant.
IV. Nor is there any meritorious defense in defendant’s contention based on a mixture of common
Y. But we cannot agree with plaintiffs’ contention that on this record a judgment should be entered in their favor as a matter of 'law. The pipe was ordered as of standard quality. It was sold and delivered as pipe of standard quality at the market price — a sound price. If it was below standard quality, or worthless, then defendant was entitled to damage in the difference, if any, at the place of delivery, between the market value of the pipe actually delivered and the value it would have had if up to standard quality. So far damages may go, and that question has never been fairly tried. It should be submitted to a court or jury on proper issues and on proper instructions.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to permit that question to be tried out in accordance with this opinion.