Mario Mendoza v. United States

690 F.3d 157

3rd Cir.

2012

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Docket

Mario MENDOZA, Appellant, v. UNITED STATES of America.

No. 11-3958

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit

Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a) June 22, 2012. Filed: June 28, 2012. Ordered Published Aug. 1, 2012.

690 F.3d 157

garding bias must be resolved against the juror.” (Op. at 143 (alteration in original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).)

Whether Juror 97 has the kind of working relationship that warrants a conclusion of implied bias is not something I would venture to determine on this record, since “[t]he record is devoid of information about the nature and regularity of her interaction with the officers.” (Id. at 148.) Juror 97 “may well be objective in fact,” but because yet-to-be-developed facts may indicate that “the [working] relationship is so close” that the law requires us to “err[] on the side of caution” and impute bias, I would have the District Court gather more facts. Polichemi, 219 F.3d at 704. In particular, I believe it is our duty to direct the District Court to dig deeper into the character and frequency of the interactions that Juror 97 has had with the two testifying officers. Accordingly, I would remand the case for factfinding to determine whether Juror 97 should be considered biased as a matter of law.

we should likewise be sensitive to the fact that a judicial outsider may not regard certain juror bias claims as innocuous, even if a judicial insider would.

Thomas R. Ashley, Esq., Law Offices of Thomas R. Ashley, Esq., Newark, NJ, for Appellant.

Paul J. Fishman, United States Attorney, Mark E. Coyne, Chief of Appeals Division, Office of the United States Attorney, Newark, NJ, Norman Gross, Assistant United States Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Camden, NJ, for Appellee.

Before: AMBRO, VANASKIE and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges.

OPINION OF THE COURT

ALDISERT, Circuit Judge.

In 2006 Mario Mendoza pleaded guilty to an aggravated felony and, as a result, now faces imminent removal from the United States. He appeals from the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey‘s order denying his petition for a writ of error coram nobis, in which he sought to vacate his plea due to his counsel‘s failure to apprise him that his conviction would lead to deportation. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

I.

Mendoza was born in Ecuador and lives in New Jersey. From 1996 to 2001, while working as a licensed realtor, he helped borrowers obtain federally insured mortgages. His behavior led the government to charge him with conspiring to fraudulently induce the Federal Housing Authority to insure mortgage loans, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1001. Mendoza‘s counsel, Glen Cavanagh, explained to him he could avoid prison by pleading guilty. Cavanagh did not, however, apprise Mendoza that, as an aggravated felony, his crime would lead to mandatory deportation. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii).

Mendoza entered his plea on March 29, 2006. Prior to sentencing on September 11, 2006, Mendoza learned from his Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR“) that his conviction might result in removal. The District Court sentenced Mendoza to two years’ probation and ordered him to pay $100,000 in restitution. As a condition of his probation, Mendoza was required to cooperate with immigration officials.

Sometime after Mendoza received his sentence, the government instituted removal proceedings and ordered him to leave the country. On January 14, 2010, after completing his sentence, Mendoza filed a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and Rule 32(d) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure to vacate his sentence and withdraw his plea. In it, Mendoza contended that Cavanagh did not warn him of the immigration implications of pleading guilty to an aggravated felony and noted that it was an open question whether a lawyer renders constitutionally deficient performance by failing to highlight a plea‘s immigration consequences. On March 31, 2010, the Supreme Court answered that question in the affirmative. See Padilla v. Kentucky, — U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010). Five months later, on September 9, 2010, Mendoza withdrew his motion to vacate his plea.

Nine months after that, on June 8, 2011, Mendoza repackaged these same arguments in a petition for a writ of error coram nobis. Mendoza contended that, had he been aware that a guilty plea would subject him to deportation, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have instead attempted to negotiate a better deal or risked trial. On September 21, 2011, after noting the issue of Mendoza‘s counsel‘s ineffectiveness, the District Court denied Mendoza‘s petition on the alternative grounds that he filed after an unreasonable delay and did not assert his innocence. Mendoza timely appealed.

II.

The District Court had jurisdiction over the petition under 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a), in aid of its jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the District Court‘s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error. See United States v. Orocio, 645 F.3d 630, 635 (3d Cir. 2011).

III.

Notwithstanding Mendoza‘s counsel‘s deficient performance, we agree with the District Court that Mendoza‘s unreasonable delay in filing his coram nobis petition forestalls his efforts to seek relief. The rare remedy of a writ of error coram nobis may be “used to attack allegedly invalid convictions which have continuing consequence, when the petitioner has served his sentence and is no longer ‘in custody’ for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2255.” United States v. Stoneman, 870 F.2d 102, 105-106 (3d Cir. 1989). Such relief is appropriate, however, only “[(a)] to correct errors for which there was no remedy available at the time of trial and [(b)] where ‘sound reasons’ exist for failing to seek relief earlier.” Id. at 106 (quoting United States v. Morgan, 346 U.S. 502, 512, 74 S.Ct. 247, 98 L.Ed. 248 (1954)). This “sound reason” standard is even stricter than that used to evaluate § 2255 petitions. Id. Indeed, “it is difficult to conceive of a situation in a federal criminal case today where a writ of coram nobis would be necessary or appropriate.” Carlisle v. United States, 517 U.S. 416, 429, 116 S.Ct. 1460, 134 L.Ed.2d 613 (1996) (quoting United States v. Smith, 331 U.S. 469, 475 n. 4, 67 S.Ct. 1330, 91 L.Ed. 1610 (1947)).

Although Mendoza‘s counsel‘s deficient performance may have precluded him from seeking relief at the time of his plea, Mendoza cannot show any “sound reasons” for his lengthy delay in seeking relief since that time. Mendoza became aware of his plea‘s deportation consequences in September 2006 via his PSR, yet did not allege until 2010 that his counsel was ineffective. He attributes this four-year delay to a combination of: (a) his (mistaken) belief that his cooperation with immigration officials would stave off his deportation, and (b) the absence of Supreme Court precedent regarding a counsel‘s duty to warn of a plea‘s immigration consequences—only after the Supreme Court decided Padilla, Mendoza contends, could he have known that his counsel was ineffective.

These are not “sound reasons.” First, Mendoza‘s cooperation was a condition of his probation, not of his remaining in the country, and any indications to the contrary were not of the government‘s making. Second, we have held that Padilla did not create a “new rule” for retroactivity purposes precisely because lawyers in the Third Circuit have long been expected to advise clients of a plea‘s deportation implications. See Orocio, 645 F.3d at 640 (“Lower court decisions not in harmony with Padilla were, with few exceptions, decided before 1995 and pre-date the professional norms that . . . had long demanded that competent counsel provide advice on the removal consequences of a client‘s plea.“).¹ Indeed, Orocio involved a petition for a writ of error coram nobis based on facts almost identical to those here, except Orocio filed his petition alleging deficient performance before the Supreme Court decided Padilla, based on existing precedent, and did so immediately upon learning of his impending deportation. Mendoza was not as diligent. Mendoza has known of the threat of removal since at least 2006, and his § 2255 motion to vacate his conviction because of ineffective assistance—filed six months before Padilla was decided and a full year-and-a-half before his present petition—demonstrated that he did not need the Supreme Court‘s clarification to have raised his present contentions. That the law is unsettled does not justify a delay in filing a coram nobis petition, cf. Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 623, 118 S.Ct. 1604, 140 L.Ed.2d 828 (1998) (“[F]utility cannot constitute cause . . . if it means simply that a claim was unacceptable to that particular court at that particular time.” (quotation omitted)), nor does the record reveal any other “sound reason” for waiting so long to seek relief.

Finally, even if Mendoza had properly and timely raised his ineffective assistance claims, we note that his underlying efforts to withdraw his plea would almost certainly fail. To withdraw a plea of guilty, a defendant must: (1) demonstrate strong reasons for the withdrawal (2) assert his innocence, and (3) show that the withdrawal will not unduly prejudice the government. See United States v. Jones, 336 F.3d 245, 252 (3d Cir. 2003) (citing United States v. Brown, 250 F.3d 811, 815 (3d Cir. 2001); United States v. Huff, 873 F.2d 709, 711 (3d Cir. 1989)). Cavanagh‘s egregious error and Mendoza‘s looming removal surely constitute a strong reason to withdraw the plea. See United States v. Trott, 779 F.2d 912 (3d Cir. 1985) (discussing how allegations of a plea‘s involuntariness relate only to the strength of the defendant‘s reasons for withdrawal). But Mendoza has not asserted his innocence; rather, he has claimed merely that he would have sought a more favorable plea deal or risked trial. It does not appear that such a speculatively favorable plea deal existed, nor that a trial would have resulted in anything less than a conviction for an aggravated felony. More importantly, the government would certainly be unduly prejudiced by the re-prosecution of a case involving facts nearly a decade dormant.

IV.

Mendoza‘s delay in pursuing relief was unreasonable and bars his petition for a writ of error coram nobis. For that reason and the others discussed in this opinion, the judgment of the District Court will be AFFIRMED.

Notes

On April 30, 2012, the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari on the issue of whether created a “new rule,” see , and thus, would not apply retroactively on collateral review. See , cert. granted, — U.S. —, 132 S.Ct. 2101, 182 L.Ed.2d 867 (2012). Although this question has split the circuits, compare (holding that is retroactive), with (holding that does not apply retroactively) and (same), its resolution has no bearing on Mendoza‘s claim, which falls short regardless. If the Supreme Court were to overrule and conclude that did, in fact, create a “new rule,” such a ruling may strengthen Mendoza‘s argument that he was previously unaware of the rule, but would also preclude him from invoking retroactively, effectively foreclosing his claim. See, e.g., .

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