157 A.D.2d 238 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1990
OPINION OF THE COURT
In many hierarchical organizations certain ranks both high and low have disappeared with time. Thus, the Navy no longer commissions commodores, the Army no longer makes color sergeants, and that once lofty figure of the English and Irish Bar,
Such has not been the fate of petitioner in this CPLR article 78 proceeding, who is 1 of only 3 surviving trainmasters appointed by the New York City Transit Authority (TA) and since his appointment in 1982, still serving in that post.
Petitioner is a casualty of the management reform program instituted by the TA in 1984 whereby 102 new superintendent and deputy superintendent positions were created for rapid transit operations. These new positions were vested with far more managerial authority than the trainmasters, and were
The TA argues that the public officer seeking payment from the public treasury must "put his finger on some statute whereby payment is permitted” (Stetler v McFarlane, 230 NY 400, 408; Grossman v City of New York, 71 Misc 2d 234, 235). It notes that expenditure of public funds is constitutionally prohibited in the absence of express statutory or contractual authority (see, Hess v Board of Educ., 41 AD2d 151), and this principle has been expressly applied to the TA (Matter of Rubinstein v Simpson, 109 AD2d 885, 886). It is urged that where, as here, the party claiming a right to a salary payment has established neither a contractual nor a statutory right to the relief, the court must dismiss the claim. (Lombardi v City of New York, 38 NY2d 727, affg on opn below at 46 AD2d 750.)
Petitioner does not point to any statutory or contractual source for the wage increase he seeks. Rather, he rests his claim on the equal protection granted him under the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution and section 11 of article I of the NY Constitution. In Matter of Abrams v Bronstein (33 NY2d 488, 492 [1974]), the Court of Appeals stated that "[a]n agency of the State denies equal protection when it treats persons similarly situated differently under the law”. It formulated the following test for the constitutional assessment of any such disparate treatment: "[T]he traditional test for a denial of equal protection under State law is 'whether the challenged classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of a valid state objective.’ * * * To apply this test we must, as an initial step, ascertain both the basis of the classification involved and the governmental objective purportedly advanced by the classification. The classification must then be compared to the objective to determine whether the classification rests 'upon some ground of difference having a fair and substantial relation’ to the object for which it is proposed.” (33 NY2d, at 492-493.)
As the Supreme Court put it in Allied Stores of Ohio v Bowers (358 US 522, 527 [1958]): "But there is a point beyond which the State cannot go without violating the Equal Protec
Applying those principles in Matter of Abrams v Bronstein (supra) the Court of Appeals has found that it was not permissible to grant retroactive salary increments to employees who had participated in a stipulation involving a legal challenge to a promotion examination and to deny the same increments to employees in the same title who had not participated in the stipulation, since the reason given for the classification, i.e., limiting expenditures, was not rationally related to a valid governmental objective. Obviously, fiscal considerations in this single employee case do not carry any weight.
An impressive line of cases has held that arbitrary salary differentials for government servants cannot be maintained in the face of an equal protection challenge: Weissman v Evans (56 NY2d 458 [salary disparities between District Court Judges of adjoining counties]); Weissman v Bellacosa (129 AD2d 189 [salary disparity between County Court Judges in adjoining counties]); Kendall v Evans (126 AD2d 703 [salary deferentials between Judges of different City Courts within a single county]); Anderson v County of Suffolk (97 AD2d 448 [illogical linkage of higher step in salary grade based on date of promotion]); Schneider v Ambach (135 AD2d 284 [discrimination between non-full-time classroom teachers who were represented by unions from those not members of collective bargaining units]); Nassau Ch., Civ. Serv. Employees Assn. v County of Nassau (88 Misc 2d 289 [step increases in salary improperly denied to employees earning over $25,000 a year affecting a total of 45 out of 14,000 employees]); Matter of Scime v County Legislature (90 Misc 2d 764 [discrimination against nonunion employees]). Clearly then, the singling out of petitioner as uniquely unqualified for general wage increases granted all other supervisory personnel is subject to equal protection scrutiny, and cannot be sustained in the absence of a rational basis.
At the outset of such scrutiny, we should note that the TA is a public benefit corporation created by Public Authorities Law § 1201 (1) and it is not a division of the State (Matter of Subway-Surface Supervisors Assn. v New York City Tr. Auth., 44 NY2d 101, 107; Green v Bala, 57 AD2d 1041; Collins v Manhattan & Bronx Surface Tr. Operating Auth., 62 NY2d
For its part, the TA asserts that the denial of the uniform wage increase to petitioner was founded upon a rational basis, namely, to avoid the evil of "salary compression” as evidenced by the following. Subsequent to the managerial reform of 1984, and in the following year, the highest salary rate for a trainmaster ($43,305) exceeded the lowest salary paid to a deputy superintendent ($39,794) and the salaries paid to 10 other deputies.
In our view, the issue of salary compression raised by the TA simply presents a triable issue under CPLR 7804 (h). Petitioner cogently argues that the evil of salary compression alleged to be averted by discrimination against 2 or 3 employees in an organization as large as the TA may well be a sham position. (In Matter of Shattenkirk v Finnerty, supra, the
We also hold, contrary to the IAS court, that the question of salary compression at the other end of the scale (namely, that dispatchers may in the future be paid more than trainmasters commencing in August 1988), is also relevant on the bona fides of the TA’s position, and is a fair subject for development at the hearing.
Accordingly, the order and judgment of Supreme Court, New York County (Stanley Sklar, J.), entered March 30, 1989, which dismissed the petition in this article 78 proceeding and denied petitioner’s motion for discovery, should be reversed, on the law, the petition reinstated, and the matter remanded for a hearing; petitioner’s application for a deposition of a Transit Authority officer or employee with knowledge of the facts prior thereto should be granted, without costs.
Milonas, J. P., Ellerin and Rubin, JJ., concur.
Order and judgment (one paper), Supreme Court, New York County, entered on or about March 30, 1989, unanimously reversed, on the law, without costs and without disbursements, the petition reinstated and the matter remanded for a hearing; petitioner’s application for a deposition of a Transit Authority officer or employee with knowledge of the facts prior thereto is granted.
. Lindley, J., on his elevation to the Bench in 1875 was the last English serjeant; A.M. Sullivan, Q.C., who was appointed in 1920 and died in 1959 was the last Irishman to hold the office. (See, Megarry, A Second Miscellany-at-Law, at 28-29 [Stevens & Sons Ltd. 1973]).
. The only English serjeant widely known to the American reading public was Mr. Serjeant Buzfuz, the leading silk for the plaintiff in the trial of Bardell v Pickwick. His unsuccessful opponent, Mr. Serjeant Snubbin, is now known only to those college English departments which maintain a course in the Victorian novel.
. Petitioner has been employed by the TA for 23 years, having started as a conductor in 1965, with promotions to motorman (1967), yardmaster (1968), dispatcher (1969) preceding his present elevation.
. The issue of “salary compression” is bound to strike a sensitive judicial nerve. It was, after all, not so long ago, when the annual salary of the Chief Clerk of this court exceeded that of the Presiding Justice.