453 F.2d 1268 | Ct. Cl. | 1972
delivered the opinion of the court:
Vincent A. Márchese is a former prisoner of the State of California who, -pro se, seeks from us witness fees under 28 U.S.C. 1821,
Pursuant to a federal writ of habeas corpus ad testifican-dum, Mr. Márchese was removed from his California prison to Federal Detention Headquarters in New York City. His presence was required there as a witness in a prospective prosecution of another, from October 30, 1968, to December 31,1968, when he was returned to California’s custody following a plea of guilty by the accused which, of course, aborted trial. He was granted no witness fees. On April 21, 1969, he was again brought from the state prison to Federal Detention Headquarters, this time, under a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum, for arraignment on his own federal indictment involving theft from an interstate shipment. Plaintiff was detained in the federal facility until Novem
During both periods of interim custody in Federal Detention Headquarters in New York, Mr. Márchese was assigned work in the prison kitchen, to cook, wash dishes, and perform other such chores. He did this in a highly satisfactory manner, eleven hours a day, seven days a week. The local director of food services recommended that he be monetarily compensated as if a federal prisoner, a remuneration of only $55, but at that time the administrative ruling was that state prisoners, temporarily in federal hands, were not to be so paid. Following suit in this court (begun on August 28, 1970), the Bureau of Prisons reversed its position and sent him a check for $55 for the meritorious pay previously denied. He returned the check, and continues to refuse to accept that pittance.
I. Witness fees: Plaintiff does not argue that he is entitled to a subsistence allowance under 28 U.S.C. § 1821 (note 1, supra,), and the statute in terms precludes that kind of award for a witness in custody. Nor does he ask for mileage which, of course, he did not pay. But he does contend that, as any private citizen, he suffered personal expenses while waiting upon federal court in New York, as a potential witness, during the fall of 1968, and therefore he asks for the $20 daily allowance. He cites in particular the need for civilian clothing during his cross-country flights, and for an attorney’s retainer. Distinguishing Meadows v. United States Marshal, 434 F. 2d 1007 (C.A. 5, 1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 1014 (1971), which denied such per diem compensation to federal prisoner-witnesses who lost wages on their regular jobs in prison industries while waiting to testify, the plaintiff points out that there the Federal Government apparently assumed all the outside costs actually incurred. Following the logic of Meadows,
When Congress decided on a $20 per diem, as the legislative history indicates, it did not expect that figure to completely reimburse every witness. Eather, twenty dollars was chosen as a flat sum, a compromise amount which might be 'a boon to the unemployed and a drop in the bucket for a prosperous doctor who would have to cancel his appointments with patients. It was anticipated that inequities could result in an individual case, but a variable scale of witness fees was thought to be administratively unfeasible. These considerations suggest that Congress was thinking only of the class which would normally be in a position to incur costs or suffer losses — those not in custody. Consistently with this rationale, the accounting officers of the Government have long ruled that neither federal prisoners (6 Comp. Dec. 588 (1900)) nor state inmates temporarily in federal custody (18 Comp. Gen. 609 (1939) ; 18 Comp. Gen. 765 (1939)) can collect the per diem. In the light of Meadows and the legislative purpose, we have no reason to upset this established administrative practice. Certainly there is no difference, in any respect pertinent to this claim, between federal prisoners and state convicts temporarily in federal custody.
Whether the plaintiff might have had a case for whole or partial recovery of the $20 per diem allowance if he had been forced to buy his own clothing we need not decide. When asked at oral argument as to the amount of expenses actually incurred, Mr. Márchese properly and candidly revealed that the Government did not compel him to wear civilian garb, and also that a friend supplied him with what he considered suitable apparel. He does not assert that he himself incurred any out-of-pocket costs. As to the retainer paid the attorney, that surely is a special expense peculiar to the plaintiff’s situation, and not the sort of outlay which Congress intended to cover under 28 U.S.C. § 1821.
II. Compensation for worh while in federal custody: It is plaintiff’s position that either there was authority for federal officials to compel him, a state prisoner, to perform
The defendant insists that the allotment of $55 (now proffered as a matter of grace) was a privilege and not a right and, as such, could be lawfully withheld even though his supervisor found the plaintiff entitled to it, and the Bureau of Prisons now treats state prisoners on an equal footing with federal inmates in this regard. This, too, is a point we need not reach. Mr. Márchese has made it clear that he does not
As the case is presented to us, plaintiff is not entitled to recover. His motion for summary judgment is denied, the defendant’s is granted, and the petition is dismissed.
Ҥ1821. Per diem and mileage generally: subsistence.
“A witness attending In any court of the United States, or before a United States commissioner, or before any person authorized to take his deposition pursuant to any rule or order of a court of the United States, shall receive $20 for each day’s attendance and for the time necessarily occupied In going to and returning from the same, and 10 cents per mile for going and returning to his place of residence. Regardless of the mode of travel employed by the witness, computation of mileage under this section shall be made on the basis of a uniform table of distances adopted by the Attorney General. Witnesses who are not salaried employees of the Government and who are not In custody and who attend at points so far removed from their respective residences as to prohibit return thereto from day to day shall be entitled to an additional allowance of $16 per day for expenses of subsistence Including the time necessarily occupied In going to and returning from the place of attendance.”
Plaintiff originally sought punitive damages as well but, recognizing that such a claim would sound in tort and be outside of our jurisdiction, he abandoned It at oral argument.
He was shuttles East once again on September 4, 1970, for trial. He ■was acquitted and then sent back to continue serving his California sentence (and has since been released from confinement). No claim is made here with respect to this later period.
“Such prisoners are In the custody of the Attorney General, and they are not in a position similar to ordinary witnesses who must incur private costs In order to testify.” 434 F. 2d at 1008.
“(1) Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the united States or in any place subject to its jurisdiction.”
He also agrees that he was never mistreated while in New York.