296 N.Y. 226 | NY | 1947
This action was brought by Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company of Buffalo to foreclose a lien on six $1,000 negotiable bonds of the Narragansett Electric Company and twenty negotiable bonds of the same denomination of the City of Havre de Grace, Maryland, received by the trust company from George Shuman as collateral security for loans aggregating $22,600. Shuman was not a holder in due course of the Narragansett bonds, which were in fact stolen from the firm of Drysdale Company, nor of the Havre de Grace bonds, which were stolen from the firm of Dominick Dominick.
Pursuant to stipulation, issues were framed and tried by a jury, whose findings it was agreed should have the same effect as a general verdict. The questions framed and submitted to the jury were all answered in the negative. They read as follows: "1. Did the Plaintiff act in good faith in accepting from George Shuman the six Narragansett Bonds as collateral security for a loan of $4400.00 on June 6, 1941?
"2. Did the Plaintiff act in good faith in making a further loan in the sum of $1600.00 on July 30, 1941, on the Narragansett Bonds pledged by Shuman on June 6, 1941?
"3. Did the Plaintiff act in good faith in accepting ten Havre de Grace Bonds as collateral security for an additional loan to George Shuman of $7000.00 on September 10, 1941?
"4. Did the Plaintiff act in good faith in accepting ten additional Havre de Grace Bonds as collateral security for an additional loan of $7000.00 to George Shuman on September 20, 1941?"
This verdict was set aside. The jury was directed to answer each of the questions in the affirmative and the verdict was recorded accordingly. Judgment followed foreclosing plaintiff's *229 lien upon the bonds. The Appellate Division reversed this judgment, reinstated the verdict and directed judgment for the intervening defendants, who had insured the two firms against theft of the bonds. Defendants' only claim is that plaintiff did not take the bonds in good faith and had notice of the defect in Shuman's title. There is no suggestion that the plaintiff had knowledge that the bonds were stolen, and the controlling question is whether facts of such a character were known to its officers that a jury might find that they accepted the bonds in bad faith, although without actual knowledge that they had been stolen from the rightful owners. (Negotiable Instruments Law, § 95.)
The requirement of the statute is good faith, and bad faith is not mere carelessness. It is nothing less than guilty knowledge or willful ignorance. (Kittredge v. Grannis,
The case most heavily relied upon by respondents isCanajoharie Nat. Bank v. Diefendorf (
One who purchases commercial paper for full value before maturity, without notice of any equities between the original parties, or of any defect of title, is to be deemed a bona fide holder. He is not bound at his peril to be upon the alert for circumstances which might possibly excite the suspicions of wary vigilance. He does not owe to the party who puts negotiable paper afloat the duty of active inquiry, to avert the imputation of bad faith. The rights of the holder are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculations in regard to the purchaser's diligence or negligence (Magee v.Badger,
Thus in the case at bar the knowledge that the maker of the note had ten years before been engaged in operating a gambling establishment at the most would suggest inquiry as to whether he had received the bonds in payment of a gambling debt. That was not the fact; all parties agreed that the bonds were stolen. The essential connection between the prompting facts and the defect of title was absent in this case (Manhattan Sav. Inst. v. NewYork Nat. Exch. Bank,
In other States the prevailing rule appears to be that the mere fact that the borrower is a gambler is not, standing alone, sufficient to impugn the good faith of a bank which accepts from him a negotiable instrument paying fair value. (Mitchell v. *231 Catchings, 23 F. 710; Wilson v. National Fowler Bank,
We find in the record of this case no evidence of the plaintiff's bad faith in accepting the bonds from Shuman as collateral security for loans at the usual rate of interest and without discount. Accordingly, the jury's determination of the question submitted was without evidence to support it and this determination was properly set aside.
The judgment of the Appellate Division should be reversed and that of the Trial Term affirmed, with costs in this court and in the Appellate Division.
LOUGHRAN, Ch. J., LEWIS, CONWAY, DESMOND, DYE and FULD, JJ., concur.
Judgment accordingly. [See