Manuel Francisco NEVAREZ, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Ron E. BARNES, Warden, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 12-17060
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
April 25, 2014
749 F.3d 1124
Argued and Submitted April 8, 2014.
Crane‘s affidavits also establish a colorable showing with respect to the second and third elements of the government contractor defense. Pantaleoni, a Crane vice-president, states that all of the equipment Crane sold to the Navy complied with Navy specifications, which would include the specifications regarding required warnings. Sargent confirms that an outside vendor‘s equipment could not have been installed aboard Navy vessels unless it complied with all applicable Navy specifications. Plaintiffs do not raise evidentiary objections to these statements, which make a colorable showing that Crane provided the warnings required by the Navy. And Dr. Forman‘s affidavit, supported by an adequate foundation based on his years of historical research, makes a colorable showing that the Navy at all times knew at least as much about asbestos hazards as the equipment manufacturers, leaving nothing for Crane to warn the Navy about.
At this stage, Crane doesn‘t have to prove that its government contractor defense is in fact meritorious, and we express no view on whether it is. As the Supreme Court has held, a defendant invoking
Based on the same evidence, Crane has also proved by a preponderance of the evidence that a causal nexus exists between plaintiffs’ claims and the actions Crane took at the direction of a federal officer. In assessing whether a causal nexus exists, we credit the defendant‘s theory of the case. Id. at 432, 119 S.Ct. 2069; Isaacson, 517 F.3d at 137. Such a nexus exists here because the very act that forms the basis of plaintiffs’ claims—Crane‘s failure to warn about asbestos hazards—is an act that Crane contends it performed under the direction of the Navy. Crane may not be right—indeed, it may be that the Navy had nothing to do with Crane‘s failure to warn. But the question “whether the challenged act was outside the scope of [Crane‘s] official duties, or whether it was specifically directed by the federal Government, is one for the federal—not state—courts to answer.” Isaacson, 517 F.3d at 138; see also Willingham, 395 U.S. at 407, 89 S.Ct. 1813.
AFFIRMED.
Jennifer Gwen Ross, Deputy Attorney General, California Department of Justice, San Francisco, Ca, for Respondent-Appellee.
Before: BARRY G. SILVERMAN, WILLIAM A. FLETCHER, and JAY S. BYBEE, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
PER CURIAM:
Manuel Francisco Nevarez appeals from the district court‘s denial of his habeas petition challenging the application of amended California Penal Code Section 2933.6 against him as a violation of his right against ex post facto application of the law. We have jurisdiction under
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 2000, Nevarez received a twelve-year prison sentence after being convicted of second-degree robbery. In 2008, Nevarez was convicted of bringing marijuana into prison, and he received an additional three-year sentence. On December 12, 2008, Nevarez was validated as an associate of the Mexican Mafia prison gang and was assessed an indeterminate term in the security housing unit at Pelican Bay State Prison. At the time, California law stated that Nevarez was eligible to earn one day of good conduct credit for every two days served. On January 25, 2010, however, California Penal Code Section 2933.6 was amended to deny conduct credits for inmates who are housed in a security housing unit and are validated gang affiliates:
(a) Notwithstanding any other law, a person who is placed in a Security Housing Unit, Psychiatric Services Unit, Behavioral Management Unit, or an Administrative Segregation Unit for misconduct described in subdivision (b) or upon validation as a prison gang member or associate is ineligible to earn [sentence reduction conduct] credits pursuant to Section 2933 or 2933.05 during the time he or she is in the Security Housing Unit, Psychiatric Services Unit, Behavioral Management Unit, or the Administrative Segregation Unit for that misconduct.
Nevarez filed an administrative claim on the theory that Section 2933.6 violated his constitutional rights under the Constitution‘s Ex Post Facto Clause. See
[I]f the credit-eliminating amendment to section 2933.6 constitutes punishment, ex post facto principles do not bar its application to petitioner here, because it does not impose punishment for the offense that gave rise to petitioner‘s prison sentence. Rather, if it punishes, it punishes for conduct that occurred after the commission of, or the conviction for, the punishable offense. In other words, petitioner‘s ineligibility for conduct credit accrual is not punishment for the offense of which he was convicted. Nor is it punishment for gang-related conduct that occurred prior to January 25, 2010, since petitioner was not stripped of conduct credits he had already accrued. It is punishment for gang-related conduct that continued after January 25, 2010.
Id. at 1242, 130 Cal.Rptr.3d 39. Nevarez appealed the superior court‘s decision, but both a California appellate court and the California Supreme Court summarily denied his appeals.
Nevarez then filed a Section 2254 Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Northern District of California. The district court, applying the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act,
ANALYSIS
We review the district court‘s decision to deny Nevarez‘s habeas petition de novo. Dyer v. Hornbeck, 706 F.3d 1134, 1137 (9th Cir.2013).
AEDPA provides that for relief to be granted by a federal court on a state habeas petition, the petitioner must show that the state court‘s denial of relief was either “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.”
We have explained that an unreasonable application of federal law is different from an incorrect application of federal law. Indeed, a federal habeas court may not issue the writ simply because that court concludes in its independent
judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. Rather, that application must be objectively unreasonable. This distinction creates a substantially higher threshold for obtaining relief than de novo review. AEDPA thus imposes a highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings, and demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.
Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 773, 130 S.Ct. 1855, 176 L.Ed.2d 678 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, where no decision of the Supreme Court has squarely decided an issue, a state court‘s adjudication of that issue cannot result in a decision that was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established Supreme Court precedent. See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101-102, 131 S.Ct. 770, 786, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011).
Nevarez argues that two Supreme Court decisions involving prison time credits—Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 101 S.Ct. 960, 67 L.Ed.2d 17 (1981) and Lynce v. Mathis, 519 U.S. 433, 117 S.Ct. 891, 137 L.Ed.2d 63 (1997)—clearly establish that amended Section 2933.6 violates his ex post facto rights. Weaver and Lynce make it clear that a postconviction amendment that withdraws or diminishes a prisoner‘s time credits for prior conduct violates the Ex Post Facto Clause because such an amendment effectively “increase[s] the punishment for [the prisoner‘s] criminal acts,” Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 43, 110 S.Ct. 2715, 111 L.Ed.2d 30 (1990).
But there‘s a difference between the facts of this case and the facts in Weaver and Lynce. In both of those Supreme Court decisions, the diminution in the prisoners’ time credits was not triggered by any additional conduct by the prisoners, and thus the diminution punished nothing other than the prisoners’ original conviction offense. In this case, however, it is only intervening conduct—continued gang affiliation—that triggers the reduction in time credits. That‘s the critical difference the Sampson court focused on: Section 2933.6 does not punish “the criminal conduct for which petitioner was imprisoned,” but instead “punishes for conduct that occurred after the commission of, or the conviction for, the punishable offense.” In re Sampson, 197 Cal.App.4th at 1241-42, 130 Cal.Rptr.3d 39.
Whether we agree with that analysis is beside the point because the only question under AEDPA is whether that analysis is an objectively unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. It is not. That amended Section 2933.6 applies only prospectively, only to intervening conduct, and does not result in the forfeiture of credits already earned makes it factually distinguishable from the ex post facto holdings in Weaver and Lynce. See also Kansas v. Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 370-71, 117 S.Ct. 2072, 138 L.Ed.2d 501 (1997) (law that “permit[ted] involuntary confinement based upon a determination that the person currently both suffers from a ‘mental abnormality’ or ‘personality disorder’ and is likely to pose a future danger to the public” did “not have retroactive effect” and thus did “not raise ex post facto concerns“); Abed v. Armstrong, 209 F.3d 63, 66 (2d Cir.2000) (distinguishing Lynce and Weaver to find that the ex post facto rights of petitioner were not implicated by a directive that prospectively disallowed good-time credits for inmates after they were classified as prison gang members).
Nor does Greenfield v. Scafati, 277 F.Supp. 644 (D.Mass.1967), summarily aff‘d, 390 U.S. 713, 88 S.Ct. 1409, 20 L.Ed.2d 250 (1968), support Nevarez‘s position. Greenfield held that a Massachu-
But Greenfield was only a district court ruling that was then summarily affirmed by the Supreme Court, and the Court has “often recognized that the precedential effect of a summary affirmance extends no further than the precise issues presented and necessarily decided by those actions. A summary disposition affirms only the judgment of the court below, and no more may be read into [the Court‘s] action than was essential to sustain that judgment.” Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780, 784 n. 5, 103 S.Ct. 1564, 75 L.Ed.2d 547 (1983) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Ill. State Bd. of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party, 440 U.S. 173, 182-83, 99 S.Ct. 983, 59 L.Ed.2d 230 (1979) (in the context of summary dispositions, “[q]uestions which ‘merely lurk in the record’ are not resolved, and no resolution of them may be inferred” (citation omitted)).
The district court in Greenfield focused its analysis on the right to parole and the consequences of denying or burdening that opportunity. See 277 F.Supp. at 646. It did not address a prisoner‘s ex post facto rights outside of that context, nor did it address the situation where the state has increased punishment for ongoing prison misconduct. Thus, given the limited precedential value of summary dispositions and the differences between Greenfield and this case, it does not qualify as “clearly established federal law” for purposes of AEDPA.
AFFIRMED.