Mant v. GillespieMant v. Gillespie
This case raises issues not previously addressed in our case law concerning the accrual, for limitations purposes, of a legal malpractice cause of action.
The answer filed on behalf of Gillespie denied any wrongful conduct and asserted, among other defenses, that the cause of action “was not instituted within six (6) years of the date of the accrual of plaintiffs’ alleged cause of action.” On Gillespie‘s subsequent motion for summary judgment and without any evidentiary hearing, the trial judge rejected the Mants’ contention “that their cause of action against defendant did not accrue until January 17, 1979, the date of the entry of a final judgment against them in the suit brought by Carl Healey.” He determined,
... at the pretrial conference in the suit of Carl Healey against the [Mants], the right was reserved to Healey and the [Mants] to pursue a claim for malpractice against [Gillespie] by the institution of a separate action.
The trial judge thus found the cause of action time-barred under
The parties do not dispute that the Mants’ claim is subject to the six-year limitation fixed by
... when a party is either unaware that he has sustained an injury, or although aware that an injury has occurred, he does not know that it is, or may be, attributable to the fault of another, the cause of action does not accrue until the discovery of the injury or facts suggesting the fault of another person. [at 432]
That principle has been applied in recent years in an increasing variety of settings. See, e.g., O‘Keeffe v. Snyder, 83 N.J. 478, 493 (1980) (replevin of stolen property); Burd v. New Jersey Tel. Co., 76 N.J. 284, 291-292 (1978) (products liability); Moran v. Napolitano, 71 N.J. 133, 139-140 (1976) (medical malpractice); New Market Poultry Farms, Inc. v. Fellows, 51 N.J. 419, 425-426 (1968) (surveyor liability). We perceive no reason why the discovery rule should not be equally applicable to a legal malpractice cause of action. See Neel v. Magana, Olney, Levy, Cathcart & Gelfand, 6 Cal.3d 176, 98 Cal. Rptr. 837, 845-846, 491 P.2d 421, 429-430 (Sup.Ct. 1971); Meiselman, Attorney Malpractice: Law and Procedure, § 5:7 (1980); Annotation, “When statute of limitations begins to run upon action against attorney for malpractice,” 18 A.L.R.3d 978 (1968 & Supp. 1982). We cannot regard the contrary holding of Sullivan v. Stout, 120 N.J.L. 304 (E. & A. 1938), as having any continued authority in light of our more recent case law.
... the discovery rule centers upon an injured party‘s knowledge concerning the origin and existence of his injuries as related to the conduct of another person. [Lynch v. Rubacky, 85 N.J. 65, 70 (1981)]
In applying the discovery rule here, the trial court was thus required to determine when the Mants were or ought to have been aware of facts suggesting that they had sustained damage which was, or might be, attributable to malpractice of Gillespie. That inquiry must be “punctilious and probing” (id. at 73), and must consider all relevant facts and circumstances (Lopez v. Swyer, 62 N.J. 267, 276 (1973)). We find that the trial court did not sufficiently explore or properly analyze the facts bearing on the Mants’ knowledge of the “two key elements, injury and fault.” Lynch v. Rubacky, supra, 85 N.J. at 70.
The injury claimed by the Mants is of two kinds: first, “that Healey was awarded a judgment of $30,000 and, second, that the Mants “were compelled to expend funds in defending themselves in the action instituted against them by Healey.” The first of the claimed injuries was not sustained until at least November 27, 1978, when the trial court announced its holding in favor of Healey which was later memorialized in the January 17, 1979 judgment. The mere threat or possibility of an unfavorable judgment did not represent an actual loss which could generate a cause of action. See Budd v. Nixen, 6 Cal.3d 195, 98 Cal. Rptr. 849, 852, 491 P.2d 433, 436 (Sup.Ct. 1971); United States Nat‘l Bank of Oregon v. Davies, 274 Or. 663, 668, 548 P.2d 966, 969 (Sup.Ct. 1976); Prosser, supra, “Developments in the
Although the record does not disclose the fact, we can assume that the Mants began to incur legal expenses in defense of the Healey litigation shortly after it was filed on May 15, 1974. Those expenses could qualify as recoverable damages upon a finding that the Mants were required to defend the Healey action as a result of Gillespie‘s wrongful conduct. See Dorofee v. Pennsauken Tp. Planning Bd., 187 N.J. Super. 141 (App.Div. 1982). But the fact that the Mants were required to defend the litigation does not necessarily bespeak any malpractice of Gillespie in his handling of the transaction; as in Lynch v. Rubacky, supra, this is a case “where fault is not implicit in injury.” 85 N.J. at 71. When the Mants ought to have recognized that their expenses might constitute legally recoverable damages thus turns on when they ought to have recognized the possibility of fault of Gillespie.
That determination requires an exploration of the Healey-Mant litigation; the record before us permits only a partial and inconclusive glimpse of that proceeding. Healey‘s complaint alleged that his conveyance to the Mants had been accompanied by an oral agreement that he would be permitted to occupy an existing cottage on the premises for his lifetime; that the Mants were harassing him in violation of that agreement, and that he was “entitled to a rescission of the contract and a reconveyance of the premises....” The complaint further alleged that Healey was 80 years old; that the property sold by him constituted “his primary assets“; that he was “without the benefit of independent advice and counsel,” and that the transaction resulted from fraud and undue influence practiced by the Mants. The answer filed on behalf of the Mants, by counsel other than Gillespie, denied the essential allegations of the complaint, including
In his pretrial memorandum presented at the pretrial conference on December 18, 1974, Healey requested “permission to file a third party complaint against the attorney who represented the defendants at the entry into this transaction.” No such request was made on behalf of the Mants and the pretrial order simply provided that “request to file third party complaint is denied without prejudice to any right to institute separate action and move for consolidation.” The record offers no hint as to what claims Healey contemplated making against Gillespie and it appears that no such litigation was ever filed.
The record before us does not include any findings or conclusions following the hearing which ensued, but on September 15, 1976, judgment was entered dismissing the complaint and ordering Healey to vacate the cottage. On Healey‘s appeal this court reversed in an opinion of January 27, 1978, which found that the trial court had improperly imposed on Healey the burden of proving fraud and that the Mants had the burden
... to prove that the transferor understood the nature of conveyance after having had the benefit of competent, independent advice and that it was not done through the undue influence of the transferee.
On remand the trial judge determined that the $36,700 price paid by the Mants for the property was “fair and reasonable” but that the original 5% mortgage was “improvident“; that Healey had not had “the benefit of competent, independent advice,” and that accordingly the Mants did not sustain “their burden of proof that [Healey] understood the nature of that conveyance after having the benefit of competent advice....” The judge ordered that the Mants pay the mortgage immediately,
The record before us thus indicates that in the Healey litigation the conduct of the Mants themselves was at issue and that no allegation was made that Gillespie had acted contrary to the interests or instructions of the Mants or that he had otherwise deviated from any obligation owing to them. The Mants apparently defended the Healey litigation on the ground that the transaction was unexceptionable, intended to be precisely what the documents indicated and not the result of any fraud, undue influence or other imposition on Healey. That defense certainly implied, as well, their endorsement of Gillespie‘s conduct in their behalf. Although it was later reversed, the initial judgment of the trial court vindicated the Mants’ assertion that the actions taken by and for them were entirely proper.
On this sparse and equivocal showing we cannot say that the Mants ought to have been aware, at any time before decision was rendered against them on November 27, 1978, that their legal expenses incurred in defense of the Healey transaction were or might be attributable to negligence of Gillespie. Healey‘s suggestion at the December 19, 1974 pretrial conference that he might make a claim against Gillespie is certainly a
United States Nat‘l Bank, supra, presented a similar set of facts. There plaintiff‘s decedent had been represented by the defendant attorneys in a securities transaction later challenged in a litigation which decedent had settled by the payment of $170,000; plaintiff alleged that defendants’ improper legal advice had necessitated the defense and settlement of the prior litigation. In reversing a dismissal of the action as untimely, the Oregon Supreme Court held that “the statute of limitations should never start to run until the occurrence of the harm” and that the question before it was “when damage occurred.” 274 Or. at 668, 548 P.2d at 969. Its analysis of that question is akin to our own:
There is no doubt that decedent‘s necessity to defend the action caused him damage more than two years prior to the commencement of the present action.
It is not so clear, however, that at that time it could yet be determined that his expense of defense was caused by negligent advice by defendants. In many situations the closeness of the legal questions involved would make it impossible to ascertain until the ultimate determination of the case whether it was brought as the result of the attorney‘s bad advice or whether it was the result of a misapprehension on the part of the party who sued as to his legal rights. In the present instance, if decedent had won the case brought against him, he would not normally be in a position to claim that negligent advice on the part of the present defendants was a cause of his expense of defense. When this case is tried, it might be shown that the outcome of the claim made against decedent was so crystal clear that upon securing legal advice decedent immediately knew either that he had a valid claim against defendants or that he did not; or, it might appear that no one could tell for certain whether the claim was good or bad. There is nothing about the filing of the claim against decedent together with the passage of any arbitrary lengths of time which, as a matter of law, demonstrates that decedent should have been aware at a time which makes the claim vulnerable to the statute that his necessity to defend the action was caused by defendants’ advice. [Ibid.; emphasis in the original]
See, also, Horne v. Peckham, 97 Cal. App.3d 404, 416, 158 Cal. Rptr. 714, 721 (D.Ct.App. 1979); Birnholz v. Blake, 399 So.2d 375, 377 (Fla.D.Ct.App. 1981); Niedermeyer v. Dusenbery, 275 Or. 83, 86, 549 P.2d 1111, 1112 (Sup.Ct. 1976); Brown v. Babcock, 273 Or. 351, 355, 540 P.2d 1402, 1405 (Sup.Ct. 1975). But see Henzel v. Fink, 340 So.2d 1262 (Fla.D.Ct.App. 1976), cert. den. 348 So.2d 948 (Fla.Sup.Ct. 1977). See, generally, Note, “Attorney Malpractice; Torts and Illinois Statute of Limitations,” 1982 U.Ill.L. Rev. 479, 483-489.
Since the trial court failed to address all of the relevant facts and circumstances, we find it necessary to reverse the judgment of dismissal and remand the matter for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. The trial court shall determine whether to conduct a preliminary hearing on the limitations question or whether to proceed to trial and decide the issue at the end of the Mants’ case or after all proofs are in. See Lopez v. Swyer, supra, 62 N.J. at 275, n. 3. In either event, its determination of the question shall be supported by a full statement of findings and conclusions. We do not retain jurisdiction.