138 Mass. 89 | Mass. | 1884
This was an action of tort. It appeared at the trial that the plaintiff was the owner of a mill in Rhode Island upon the Blackstone River; and there was evidence that the defendant had withdrawn, in Massachusetts, enough of the waters of Tatnuck Brook, a tributary of that river, materially to affect the operation of the mill. The main question argued before us is raised by the refusal of a ruling requested by the defendant, that “ the diversion of the waters of a natural stream in this State and preventing the same from coming to the plaintiff’s mill, situated in Rhode Island, is not a tort for which the plaintiff can recover in the courts of this Commonwealth.”
The defendant’s counsel contended," in the first place, that such rights as the plaintiff claims cannot extend beyond the Rhode Island line, and went the length of maintaining that a servitude cannot be created in one State in favor of lands in another. We are unable to agree to this proposition upon either principle or authority. Every decision and dictum that we have found, bearing on the precise point, is the other way. Slack v. Walcott, 3 Mason, 508, 516. Thayer v. Brooks, 17 Ohio, 489. Stillman v. White Rock Manuf. Co. 3 Woodb. & M.
We think that the cases which recognize civil, and even criminal, liability for flowing land in one State by means of a dam in another, are hardly less pertinent. Howard v. Ingersoll, 17 Ala. 780. Wooster v. Great Falls Manuf. Co. 39 Maine, 246. Eachus v. Illinois & Michigan Canal, 17 Ill. 534. Armendiaz v. Stillman, 54 Texas, 623. State v. Lord, 16 N. H. 357. The defendant admits these cases to be law, and tries to distinguish them. But we cannot assent to the distinction between discharging and withdrawing water. The consequence in one case is positive, in the other negative; but in each it is the consequence of an act done outside the jurisdiction where the harm occurs, and the consequence is as direct in the latter case as in the former. The right infringed in the former case is called absolute ownership, in the latter easement; but the laws of Rhode Island, which make a man owner of a tract of land there, have no more power to diminish freedom of action in Massachusetts than any other of its laws. A concurrence of the laws of both States is as necessary in that case as in the one at bar, to create a liability which can be enforced in either State consistently with principle. Such a concurrence presents no technical difficulties, and, if the substantive end to be attained is a proper one, it will be recognized and acted on here, as we have no doubt that it would be in Rhode Island if the position of the parties were reversed.
Of course, the laws of Rhode Island cannot subject Massachusetts land to a servitude, and, apart from any constitutional considerations, if there are any, which we do not mean to intimate, Massachusetts might prohibit the creation of such servitudes. So it might authorize any acts to be done within its limits, however injurious to lands or persons outside them. But it does not do either. It has no more objection to a citizen of Rhode Island owning an easement, as incident to his ownership of land in that State, than it has to his owning it in gross, or to his purchasing lands here in fee. Questions might be conceived as to the transfer of such easements, but they do not arise here. Slack v. Walcott, ubi supra. So far as their creation is concerned, the law of Massachusetts governs, whether the mode of creation be by deed
It was also contended for the defendant, that the action could only be brought in Rhode Island. This objection is purely technical. The reasons which once made the venue important have long disappeared, and we see no reason for any greater strictness than is absolutely required by the statutes and precedents. If the plaintiff’s mill were in another county of this State, an action for damages would be rightly brought in Worcester, not only by the Pub. Sts. c. 161, § 8, but by the common law. Barden v. Crocker, 10 Pick. 383. Abbot of Stratford’s case, Y. B. 7 Hen. IV. 8, pl. 10. Bulwer’s case, 7 Rep. 1 a, 2 b. Leveridge v. Hoskins, 11 Mod. 257. As between two States, both of which recognize the right, if the rule is to vary at all, it should be on the side of greater liberality, to prevent a failure of justice such as would be likely to happen in the present case if this action were not maintained. The weight of judicial opinion is altogether in favor of allowing an action to be maintained where the water was withdrawn. Foot v. Edwards, Armendiaz v. Stillman, Stillman v. White Rock Manuf. Co., Rundle v. Delaware & Raritan Canal, and Thayer v. Brooks, ubi supra. The decisions in cases where both the act and the consequence complained of were outside the State in which the action was brought are not opposed to our conclusion, and we are not called upon to decide between Lord Mansfield in Mostyn v. Fabrigas, Cowp. 161, 1 Smith Lead. Cas. (8th ed.) 652, and Lord Kenyon in Doulson v. Matthews, 4 T. R. 503, The American cases have generally followed the latter.
The plaintiff asked the court to rule “ that the defendant was liable for damages measured by the loss of power which the whole amount of water pumped by the defendant would have made,” although the defendant had introduced evidence that a certain percentage of it was returned to the • river. This ruling was