132 T.C. 196 | Tax Ct. | 2009
Lead Opinion
OPINION
This case is before the Court on respondent’s motion for summary judgment. Petitioner brought this action under section 6015 seeking relief from joint and several liability for unpaid taxes.
Background
Petitioner resided in Pennsylvania at the time her petition was filed.
Petitioner and her husband, Anthony J. Mannella, filed joint Federal income tax returns for the years 1996 through 2000 (years at issue). Because petitioner and Mr. Mannella failed to pay the taxes due for the years at issue,
Petitioner contends that she did not receive her notice of intent to levy because on June 17, 2004, Mr. Mannella received the notices, signed the certified mail receipts, and failed to deliver petitioner’s notice to her or otherwise inform her of the notice. Petitioner represents that if the case goes to trial, Mr. Mannella will testify that he signed petitioner’s name on the certified mail receipt and did not inform petitioner of the notice until more than 2 years after he received the notice. She contends that she then sought legal advice and decided to seek relief from the joint tax liabilities.
On November 1, 2006, petitioner filed two Forms 8857, Request for Innocent Spouse Relief, for the years at issue. On May 3, 2007, respondent issued petitioner a Notice of Determination Concerning Relief from Joint and Several Liability for the years at issue, which stated:
We’ve determined, for the above tax year(s), that you do not qualify for Innocent Spouse relief. We received your request more than two years after the date we began collection activity. Internal Revenue Code Section 6015 requires an innocent spouse claim to be filed no later than 2 years after the start of collection activity. Collection activity began on 6/4/2004, yon filed Form 8857 on 11/1/2006.
Petitioner filed a timely petition with this Court seeking relief from joint and several liability under section 6015. Respondent then moved for summary judgment. Petitioner filed her objection with the Court, and a hearing on respondent’s motion was held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Discussion
Summary judgment is intended to expedite litigation and avoid unnecessary and expensive trials. Fla. Peach Corp. v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 678, 681 (1988). The Court may grant summary judgment when there is no genuine issue of material fact and a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b); Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 98 T.C. 518, 520 (1992), affd. 17 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. 1994); Zaentz v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 753, 754 (1988). The moving party bears the burden of proving that there is no genuine issue of material fact. Dahlstrom v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 812, 821 (1985); Naftel v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 527, 529 (1985). The Court will view any factual material and inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Dahlstrom v. Commissioner, supra at 821; Naftel v. Commissioner, supra at 529.
Section 6013(d)(3) provides that married individuals who file a joint return are jointly and severally liable for the tax arising from the return. Notwithstanding section 6013(d)(3), a spouse may seek relief from joint and several liability under subsections (b), (c), and (f) of section 6015. An election for relief under section 6015(b) or (c) must be made within 2 years of the Commissioner’s first collection activity taken after July 22, 1998, against the taxpayer making the election.
RRA section 3501, 112 Stat. 770, provides that the Commissioner include information regarding the procedures necessary to claim section 6015 relief whenever he sends a collection-related notice, such as a notice of intent to levy.
There is no dispute that respondent sent petitioner a notice of intent to levy by certified mail on June 4, 2004, and that the notice was received on June 17, 2004. Furthermore, the notice included information about the right to request section 6015 relief.
Sections 6330(a) and 6331(d) provide that before the Commissioner may levy on any property or property right of a taxpayer, the taxpayer must be provided a final notice of intent to levy and notice of the right to request a hearing and such notice must be provided no less than 30 days before the levy is made. The notice of intent to levy must be given in person, left at the person’s dwelling or usual place of business, or sent by certified or registered mail to the person’s last known address. Secs. 6330(a)(2), 6331(d)(2); secs. 301.6330-l(a), 301.6331-2(a)(l), Proced. & Admin. Regs. If the notice is properly sent to the taxpayer’s last known address or left at the taxpayer’s dwelling or usual place of business, it is sufficient to start the 30-day period within which an Appeals hearing may be requested. Sec. 301.6330-1(a)(3), A-A9, Proced. & Admin. Regs. Actual receipt of the notice of intent to levy is not required for the notice to be valid for purposes of starting the 30-day period. Id.
We see no reason the notice of intent to levy, including information about her right to section 6015 relief, mailed to petitioner at her last known address but not received by her, should start the 30-day period to request an Appeals hearing but not start the 2-year period to request relief under section 6015(b) or (c). Nothing in section 6015 or the corresponding regulations requires that petitioner actually receive the notice of intent to levy for the 2-year period to begin. We conclude that her actual receipt of the notice of intent to levy is not required for the 2-year period in which to request relief under section 6015(b) or (c) to begin.
With respect to the required notice of the right to request section 6015 relief, neither RRA section 3501 nor McGee v. Commissioner, supra, requires that the taxpayer actually receive notice of the right to request relief. RRA section 3501 requires that the Commissioner implement procedures to notify taxpayers subject to joint liability of their rights when he attempts to collect unpaid taxes. In McGee the Commissioner did not comply with RRA section 3501, and for that reason the Court found the 2-year period did not begin with the Commissioner’s first collection activity.
Respondent included information about the right to request section 6015 relief with the collection notice and therefore complied with RRA section 3501. Once the required notice was mailed to petitioner’s last known address, nothing in the Internal Revenue Code, regulations, or public law required that respondent take additional steps to effect delivery. See Sebastian v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-138; Howard v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-315 (citing Pomeroy v. United States, 864 F.2d 1191, 1195 (5th Cir. 1989)).
Collection against petitioner began with the issuance of a notice of intent to levy on June 4, 2004. Petitioner submitted her requests for section 6015 relief on November 1, 2006, more than 2 years later. Petitioner’s requests for relief under section 6015(b) and (c) were not timely, and therefore she does not qualify for relief from joint and several liability under section 6015(b)(1)(E) and (c)(3)(B).
In contrast to section 6015(b) and (c), section 6015(f)
We have recently held that section 1.6015-5(b)(l), Income Tax Regs., is an invalid interpretation of section 6015. Lantz v. Commissioner, 132 T.C. 131, 150 (2009). Accordingly, we refused to apply the 2-year limitations period to a taxpayer’s request for relief under section 6015(f). Id.
Under Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742 (1970), affd. 445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971), we apply the law of the Court of Appeals to which an appeal would ordinarily lie. Because the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, to which an appeal in Lantz would ordinarily lie, analyzes agency regulations under the standards set forth in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-843 (1984), we reviewed the validity of section 1.6015-5(b)(l), Income Tax Regs., under Chevron. Lantz v. Commissioner, supra at 137.
In Swallows Holding, Ltd. v. Commissioner, 126 T.C. 96 (2006), vacated 515 F.3d 162 (3d Cir. 2008), we reviewed the validity of a regulation under the standards set forth in Natl. Muffler Dealers Association v. United States, 440 U.S. 472 (1979). The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit vacated our judgment and held that the regulation was properly analyzed under Chevron, not Natl. Muffler. Swallows Holding, Ltd. v. Commissioner, 515 F.3d at 167-168, 172.
This case is appealable to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Accordingly, in this case as well as Lantz the regulation is properly analyzed under Chevron. In Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., supra at 842-843, the Supreme Court set forth a two-step analysis:
When a court reviews an agency’s construction of the statute which it administers, it is confronted with two questions. First, always, is the question whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress [Chevron step 1], If, however, the court determines Congress has not directly addressed the precise question at issue, the court does not simply impose its own construction of the statute, as would be necessary in the absence of an administrative interpretation. Rather, if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute [Chevron step 2].
See also Swallows Holding, Ltd. v. Commissioner, 515 F.3d at 167.
For the reasons more fully discussed in Lantz, section 1.6015 — 5(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., is invalid under Chevron step 1 because Congress has spoken to the precise question at issue and the regulation runs directly contrary to the nature of the relief provided in section 6015(f). Lantz v. Commissioner, supra at 140. If section 6015(f) is construed as silent or ambiguous, a 2-year limitations period is not a permissible construction of section 6015(f), and therefore section 1.6015-5(b)(l), Income Tax Regs., is invalid under Chevron step 2. Lantz v. Commissioner, supra at 141, 148.
Respondent’s only argument in support of his motion for summary judgment is that petitioner’s requests for relief were untimely. Because the regulation upon which respondent relies in denying relief under section 6015(f) is an invalid interpretation of section 6015, respondent has failed to meet his burden of proving that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the issue of whether petitioner is entitled to relief under section 6015(f). Accordingly, respondent’s motion for summary judgment will be granted in part and denied in part. To reflect the foregoing,
An appropriate order will be issued.
Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code, as amended. Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
The outstanding liability for 1996 relates to an agreed deficiency. For 1997 through 2000 petitioner and her husband failed to make full payment of the taxes shown as due on their returns.
Sec. 6015(b) provides relief for a requesting spouse who files a joint return which contains an understatement of tax attributable to the erroneous items of the nonrequesting spouse if the requesting spouse did not know or have reason to know that there was an understatement and, taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it is inequitable to hold the requesting spouse liable for the deficiency. Sec. 6015(c) provides that an individual who is divorced or legally separated from the person she filed a joint return with or has not resided with that individual as a member of the same household at any time within the 12-month period before an election is made may elect to limit her liability for any deficiency to the amount properly alloca-ble to her.
The Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-206, sec. 3501, 112 Stat. 770, provides as follows:
SEC. 3501. EXPLANATION OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY.
(a) In General. — The Secretary of the Treasury or the Secretary’s delegate shall, as soon as practicable, but not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, establish procedures to clearly alert married taxpayers of their joint and several liabilities on all appropriate publications and instructions.
(b) Right To Limit Liability. — The procedures under subsection (a) shall include requirements that notice of an individual’s right to relief under section 6015 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be included in the statement required by section 6227 of the Omnibus Taxpayer Bill of Rights (Internal Revenue Service Publication No. 1) and in any collection-related notices.
In McGee v. Commissioner, 123 T.C. 314 (2004), the taxpayer sought relief only under sec. 6015(f).
The notice was accompanied by Publication 594, What You Should Know About The IRS Collection Process, and Form 12153, Request for a Collection Due Process Hearing. Both documents informed petitioner of her right to request relief from joint and several liability under sec. 6015. Publication 594 directed petitioner to Publication 971, Innocent Spouse Relief, for further information about relief from joint and several liability. Form 12153 informed petitioner she could elect the benefits of sec. 6015 by filing Form 8857, Request for Innocent Spouse Relief.
Sec. 6015(f) provides that a taxpayer may be relieved of joint and several liability if, taking into account all the facts and circumstances, it would be inequitable to hold the taxpayer liable for the unpaid tax or deficiency (or any portion of either) and relief is not available under sub-sec. (b) or (c).