676 N.Y.S.2d 658 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1998
OPINION OF THE COURT
In his complaint, the plaintiff seeks to hold the defendant H.W. Andersen Products, Inc. (hereinafter Andersen) liable for physical deformities with which he was born. While pregnant, his mother was employed at the Andersen facility where she allegedly worked directly with, and was exposed to, ethylene oxide, which Andersen used in producing a product known commercially as Anprolene.
The principal question before us is whether and to what extent the plaintiff’s tort causes of action are preempted by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 USC § 136 et seq. [hereinafter FIFRA]).
Andersen has been in the business of packaging, distributing, and selling Anprolene, a gas used to sterilize medical supplies, of which ethylene oxide is the active ingredient. The ethylene oxide was manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation (hereinafter Union Carbide), which sold it to Andersen as Oxyfume 12. Product labels and tags for both Oxyfume 12 and Anprolene were approved by the United States Department of Agriculture, and registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the authority of FIFRA. The warning label on Union Carbide’s Oxyfume 12 included the following: “Harmful if inhaled. Causes eye and skin burns. Suspect cancer hazard”. The label further stated: “Do not breath gas. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or clothing. Store and use with adequate ventilation”.
The plaintiff’s mother worked in Andersen’s plant in Oyster Bay, Long Island, at a machine that poured the ethylene oxide into small bottles, which she capped. She asserts that her job required her to handle ethylene oxide for approximately four
At an earlier stage in this litigation Union Carbide sought and won summary judgment from the Supreme Court on the ground that the plaintiffs causes of action based on the defendants’ “failure to label” were preempted by FIFRA. Andersen also sought summary judgment on the same ground, and we addressed that issue on Andersen’s prior appeal from the Supreme Court’s denial of its motion. On that appeal, however, we were presented with a narrow question, as limited by the parties’ arguments before the Supreme Court (see, Mann v Andersen Prods., 231 AD2d 500). The sole issue then before us was whether the plaintiffs cause of action to recover damages for “failure to label” was preempted by FIFRA. We held that insofar as the plaintiffs complaint may be read as including a cause of action against Andersen based on “failure to label”, that cause of action was preempted by FIFRA. We did not, however, determine whether, apart from its “failure to label” component, the plaintiffs complaint against Andersen survives FIFRA preemption. We do so now.
The primary thrust of the plaintiffs allegations against Andersen is not based upon a failure to label. The allegations rest, in the main, on a broader basis: the plaintiff claims that Andersen, with knowledge of the hazards of ethylene oxide, acted negligently toward him in exposing his mother to the chemical while he was in útero. He claims, in essence, that Andersen, in producing Anprolene, failed to take proper precautions to protect his mother and, in turn, protect him, in útero, against ethylene oxide exposure at the Andersen facility, and that it failed to warn his mother of the hazards of working with ethylene oxide.
We stress that we address the plaintiffs claim as a pleading, and in the context of a motion for summary judgment. At this
In urging FIFRA preemption, Andersen relies heavily on our decision in Warner v American Fluoride Corp. (204 AD2d 1). In Warner, the plaintiff was a former New York City correction officer who alleged that for a number of years he was exposed to several pesticides that had been sprayed at the Riker’s Island and Hart’s Island prison facilities, where he had worked. Claiming that he developed toxic neuropathy as a result of the exposure, he sued the manufacturers. In an opinion authored by Justice Krausman, this Court held that FIFRA expressly preempted Warner’s causes of action against the manufacturers “to the extent that they are premised on the adequacy of pesticide warning labels” (Warner v American Fluoride Corp., supra, at 3).
The Warner holding does not support Andersen’s position on this appeal. The complaint in Warner was directed solely at the manufacturers, who relied successfully on the FIFRA labeling preemption. Although Union Carbide fits fully within the Warner holding and the FIFRA labeling preemption, we conclude, for reasons to follow, that Andersen does not.
The scope of Federal preemption under FIFRA and comparable Congressional enactments has varied under State and Federal decisional law, but even the most extreme application of preemption would not go so far as to preempt any and all State tort actions relating to substances subject to regulation under FIFRA regardless of the plaintiffs theory or the alleged role of the defendant (see, Cipollone v Liggett Group, 505 US 504, 523).
Before Cipollone was decided, there was considerable disagreement among courts as to whether FIFRA impliedly preempted State tort actions for inadequate labeling (see, Warner v American Fluoride Corp., supra, at 7; see also, Note, Preemption Doctrine After Cipollone—Nevada Supreme Court Holds that the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Impliedly Preempts State Common-Law Actions Based on Inadequate Labeling, 106 Harv L Rev 963 [1993]). After Cipol
In decisions compatible with the label-based preemption doctrine, courts have rejected preemption when the plaintiffs claim is founded, for example, on breach of express warranty, in that a manufacturer who expressly and voluntarily warrants its product beyond what FIFRA mandates, undertakes a contractual-type commitment (see, e.g., ISK Biotech Corp. v Douberly, 640 So 2d 85 [Fla]; Walker v American Cyanamid Co., 130 Idaho 824, 948 P2d 1123; Hopkins v American Cyanamid Co., 666 So 2d 615 [La]). Other claims that have escaped preemption are those based on negligent testing (see, e.g., Worm v American Cyanamid Co., 5 F3d 744; Clubine v American Cyanamid Co., 534 NW2d 385 [Iowa]; McAlpine v Rhone-Poulenc Ag. Co., 285 Mont 224, 947 P2d 474) or defective design (see, e.g., Kawamata Farms v United Agri Prods., 86 Haw 214, 948 P2d 1055; Didier v Drexel Chem. Co., 86 Wash App 795, 938 P2d 364; see generally, Annotation, Federal Pre-Emption of State Common-Law Products Liability Claims Pertaining to Pesticides, 101 ALR Fed 887). Furthermore, FIFRA expressly reserves to States the right to impose regulations on the sale and use of pesticides (7 USC § 136v [a]) to the extent such regulations are not inconsistent with the Federal requirements (see also, Wisconsin Pub. Intervenor v Mortier, 501 US 597; New York State Pesticide Coalition, Inc. v Jorling, 874 F2d 115).
In addition to Warner v American Fluoride Corp. (supra), other New York decisions have similarly recognized the difference between label-based preemption (June v Laris, 205 AD2d
Although the plaintiffs complaint charges Andersen with the failure to “warn”, it is not the type of warning claim that falls within FIFRA preemption. There are failures to warn and there are failures to warn. One type of warning, the kind contemplated in the typical FIFRA preemption case, involves a defense by the manufacturer that product labeling in compliance with FIFRAwill preempt a State tort claim based on an alleged failure to warn. That type of warning, by labeling, is designed to protect the consumer, or end user, from the possibly harmful effects of the substances regulated by FIFRA (see, Chemical Specialities Mfrs. Assn. v Allenby, 958 F2d 941, cert denied sub nom. Chemical Specialties Mfrs. Assn. v Book, 506 US 825; Howarth, Preemption and Punitive Damages: The Conflict Continues Under FIFRA, 136 U Pa L Rev 1301, 1320-1325 [1988]).
The case before us involves a very different type of warning. It relates, as alleged in the complaint, to a defendant’s alleged failure to caution and protect a workplace employee and, in turn, her fetus, from the dangers of exposure to the raw material itself, when the employee handles it before it is packaged for sale and distribution by the defendant. It is a concern directed toward the handling of the product by an employee in the workplace environment, as opposed, for example, to the consumer who may rely on proper warning labels before using the product. For these reasons, we disagree with Andersen’s preemption argument.
In a number of instances, injuries sustained by a fetus were held actionable in tort (see, e.g., Kaplowitz v Borden, Inc., 189 AD2d 90; Utter v South Brookhaven Obstetric & Gynecologic Assocs., 135 AD2d 811; Kelly v Gregory, 282 App Div 542). Andersen, however, argues that the plaintiff was not harmed in útero, but, rather, that his condition was genetically predetermined before he was conceived, which would render his claim a legally untenable preconception tort (see, Albala v City of New York, 54 NY2d 269). Andersen, on this point, has presented cogent and compelling expert submissions as to a genetically predetermined condition. While that evidence may eventually carry the day, the plaintiff has presented expert
On the state of the record before us, we conclude that the complaint withstands Andersen’s FIFRA challenge and that there are factual issues warranting the denial of Andersen’s motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, the order and judgment must be reversed, Andersen’s motion denied, and the complaint reinstated insofar as asserted against it.
Miller, Thompson and Santucci, JJ., concur.
Ordered that the order and judgment is reversed, with costs, the motion for summary judgment is denied, and the complaint is reinstated insofar as asserted against the defendant H.W. Andersen Products, Inc.
