115 A.D. 429 | N.Y. App. Div. | 1906
Lead Opinion
Present — O’Brien, P. J., Ingraham, Laughlin, Clarke and Scott, JJ.; Laughlin and Clarke, JJ., concurring in opinion by Laughlin, J.
Freedman, Referee:
In passing-upon the claims'of the respective claimants I deem it best to consider first of all the question of usury litigated ’ by William C, Dewey and his judgment creditors against Frederick T. Kellogg.
By deed dated May 29, 1902, and recorded on the same day, one Albert Joske- conveyed to Kellogg a plot of ground 200; feet square on Alexander avenue, borough of The xBronx, running through from One Hundred and Thirty-second street to the Southern boulevard, formerly One Hundred and Thirty-third street, subject .to a first mortgage of $Í10,000 — which is the mortgage foreclosed in this action — and a second mortgage of $25,000, then liens on the premises.
By deed dated October 31, 1902, and recorded November 7, 1902, Frederick T. Kellogg conveyed to the Kroeger Piano Company not quite' one-half of the said premises, subject, however, among other things, to $60,000 of the principal, with'the interest to accrue thereon, of a first mortgage of $110,000, held by the Manhattan Life Insurance Company of New York, and to $15,000 of the principal, with the interest to accrue thereon, of another and second mortgage for $25,000, then alien on said .premises and held by George .F. Johnson.
For convenience sake I shall hereafter refer to the said premises so acquired by the Kroeger Piano Company as parcel No. 2, and the premises of which the title remained in Kellogg as parcel' No. 1.
The claim of usury advanced by Dewey and his judgment creditors is that, as between him and them and Kellogg, the deed by Joske to Kellogg was intended to be and is to be treated as a inorb gage; that- such mortgage was ,and is usurious and void on the ground that it was given and is held as security for the payment of notes given upon an usurious agreement, and that for that reason the surplus coming to parcel No. 1 should be paid to him (Dewey) after payment ot judgments against him.
The evidence introduced on this point shows the following state of facts:
Kellogg at the outset, at Springfield, Mass., advanced to Dewey the sum of $25,000 at six per cent interest, and without security,
On February 1, 1902, Dewey in Springfield gave his notes dated on said day in Springfield and payable in Springfield to the Second National Bank for $10,000, to Morse $7,000, to Pratt $7,000 and to Kellogg $23,000 (of which a note of $10,000 represented a bonus), in addition to which Kellogg then held the joint note of Dewey and his wife', also made, dated and payable in Springfield, for $12,000. At the time of giving said notes on the day named Dewey also delivered in Springfield to Kellogg a certain deed of property then owned by him on Varick street, in the city of New York, and at the same time, at the office of Kellogg in Springfield, an agreement was made in writing to the effect that said-Variek street property ivas to be redeeded to Dewey upon the payment by him of certain notes to the amount of $45,000, with interest (which notes represented the moneys actually loaned and received), and the further payment of $14,000, the amount of certain other notes, provided a certain building proposed by Dewey to be erected, should be built and completed by him or sold in an incompleted condition by him. This building, it may be stated here, was subsequently built and caused to be completed by Dewey.
At all these times, Morse, Pratt, Kellogg and Dewey were residents of Springfield, Mass.
Shortly thereafter Dewey proposed a substitution of the Bronx
The evidence further shows that of the $59,000 of notes Dewey actually paid to the holders of the respective notes other than Kellogg one note of $5,000 and took up one bonus'note of $2,000 by payment of $1,000 in cash to Mr. Pratt, and took up one bonus note of $2,000 held by Morse by release of his equity in a piece of property in. Seventy-sixth street, Mew York, held as security for a different loan, by Morse off $5,000 and sold to him for the.amount of said loan and cancellation of said bonus note. ■
Upon these facts it is clear that the contract between Dewey and Kellogg which culminated in the delivery to Kellogg of the deed now to be treated ás a mortgage, which treatment is conceded by / Kellogg, to be correct as between Dewey and his creditors and him-. / self, was made and was to be performed in Massachusetts. - The general rule. applicable to such a contract is tliat the law of the place where the contract is made, and not that where the action is • brought, is to. be considered in expounding and enforcing the contract.
This lias been well stated in the very recent case of Trustees of Brookhaven v. Smith (98 App. Div. 212), decided by the Appellate Division, second department, in Movember, 190L Mr. Justice Woodward in writing the unanimous opinion of the court states the I underlying principle as follows: “It is well settled in our juris1 -prudence that the laws which subsist at the time and place of ¡ making a contract, and where it is to be performed, enter into and j form a part of it, as if they were'expressly referred to and incorporated in its terms, and that this principle embraces alike those i which affect its validity, construction, discharge and enforcement.” Citing numerous United States Supreme Court authorities.
To the same effect is the case- of Union National Bank v. Chapman (169 N. Y. 538), in which it was held that the rule covered all matters- bearing upon the execution, interpretation and'validity of contracts, including the capacity of the parties to contract.
In Curtis v. Leavitt (15 N. Y. 9, 296) the Court of- Appeals concluded that a contract under which certain bonds issued by a New York party were negotiated and pledged in England, was an English contract and that the question of usury had to be determined by the then existing laws of England, and, furthermore, that a loan, nominally, of $250,000 procured from Philadelphia banks, was a Pennsylvania contract, and that, although it may have been usurious, by the laws of that State, it was inoperative only for the excess of interest over six per cent, the lawful interest.
In Willis v. Cameron (12 Abb. Pr. 245, decided by the General Term of the New York Common Pleas in March, 1861) the action was upon a promissory note and the defense was that the note was made in violation of the usury laws -of a foreign State. By those laws the contract was declared not to be avoided, but, by way of penalty for a violation, a forfeiture of three times the excess of interest reserved, was to be allowed in an action on the contract; or, if paid, to be recovered back. It was held that the defendant could not, in this State, avail himself of the penalty even by way of defense.
In Wayne County Savings Bank v. Low (81 N. Y. 566, decided Sept. 1880), the head note correctly states the following proposition : “ A party residing in one State who goes into another State and there makes an agreement with a citizen of that State for a loan, lawful by its laws, but usurious - under the 'laws of the borrower’s State, cannot render his obligation void by making it payable in his own State. Nor does the fact that the obligation is executed in the latter State, and sent to the lender by mail, require that it should be governed by the usury laws of the State where it was signed.”
In Western Transportation & Coal Co. v. Kilderhouse (87 N. Y. 430, decided Jan. 1882) the action was upon renewal notes, and one of the defenses was usury, and is was held that, inasmuch as the contract for forbearance was a Michigan one and was valid under the laws of that State, it was valid and enforeible here. In coming to that conclusion, the court unanimously reaffirmed the rule as stated and enforced in Wayne County Savings Bank v. Low (supra).
Moreover, in the case of Cutler v. Wright (22 N. Y. 472) the
This was referred to in Harris v. White (81 N. Y. 532) which arose under a statute against racing, and in which the court says' (p. 544): “As a general rule, courts of one State, in the absence of proof and allegations otherwise, will presume that the laws • of another State are like those of their own State. It is doubted, however,, whether this presumption will be made- of statute law. (MeCulloch v. Norwood, 58 N. Y. 567; Wilcox Co. v. Green,
There is no proof on the part of the claimant Dewey that the contract was illegal at the place where it was made and was to be executed, and, as a. matter of fact and law, the statutes of Massachusetts do not make a contract like the one now under consideration, though tainted with usury, void as to the principal sum.
The claim of Dewey and his creditors is, therefore, limited to the ground that while the contract was made and was to be performed in Massachusetts, was lawful there, and was made between residents of Massachusetts, the penal usury law of New York applies because' as security for the fulfillment of the contract a deed was delivered in Massachusetts' of. New York property. Unfortunately for Dewey, the authorities bearing upon the real question presented by that claim are also against him.
So in Caesar v. Capell (83 Fed. Rep. 403), where a citizen of Tennessee and a corporation of Missouri had entered into a contract for a loan of money and its repayment, which would have been invalid under the laws of Tennessee, but valid under those of Missouri, and by its terms had made it a Missouri contract and to be there performed, it was held that it would be presumed that they intended to be governed by the laws of that State, and that said contract was not rendered a Tennessee contract by the fact that the debt was secured by mortgage on land in Tennessee.
In Williams v. Fitzhugh (37 N. Y. 444) the loans were made and were payable in New York, and the contract to secure the
Cope v. Wheeler (41 N. Y. 303.) was an action on a loan made .and payable in Hew York by residents of Hew York, secured by a bond and mortgage on property in Wisconsin. The loan was usurious under the laws of Hew York/ and it was held that it was a Hew York contract and must be decided by the laws of Hew York. In the opinion of Judge Woodruff (pp. 312, 313) he states: “ Hothing is, I apprehend, better settled than that the mere fact that collateral security for the payment of a debt contracted here and payable here is real property situated in another -State, does not change the place by the laws of which the validity of the contract is to be tested.” - •
' Dewey and his creditors, however, cite and strenuously urge the decision in Chapman v. Robertson (6 Paige, 627) as applicable to ' ' the present case.
" The head note of that case is as follows r “Where B., a resident of the State of Hew York, applied to-O. at his residence in England for a loan of money upon the security of a bond and a mortgage upon lands in Hew York, at the legal rate, of interest in that State, and it was. .there agreed that upon the return of B. to Hew York he should'execute his bond and mortgage and have the mortgage duly recorded in the county where the lands were situated, and that upon the receipt of the bond and mortgage by 0. in England he should deposit the money loaned with the bankers of B. in London for his use, and the bond and mortgage were executed and the money received accordingly; Held, that the mortgage was a valid security for the loan according to the laws of Hew York, and that upon a bill'filed them to foreclose the mortgage, B.. could not set up the usury law of England as a defense to'the suit.”
The opinion discusses somewhat at length the general principles
If the facts had clearly been shown to have been as thus stated, the correctness of the decision could not be impugned because it only carried into effect the intention of the parties in malting the" contract. Perhaps there was sufficient evidence to that effect outside of the instruments executed, and the difficulty simply is that the case was insufficiently reported. At any rate, the fact is that while the case in numerous instances has been cited and followed and approved upon some general well-settled proposition or other discussed in the opinion (and the many citations to that effect by the learned counsel for Dewey and his judgment creditors are all of that character) it has been doubted and disapproved in cases which directly involved the .question of the usury law of the places where the contract was made and was to be performed.
It was doubted in the leading case of Curtis v. Leavitt (15 N. Y. 9,88).
It was doubted in Dickinson v. Edwards (77 N. Y. 573), inwhich Folger, J., delivering the opinion of th.e court, says concerning it (pp. 585,586)-: “ Chapman v. Robertson (6 Paige, 627) is a case often cited and relied upon; but it does not impugn the general rule-, that the validity of a purely personal contract is to be tried by the law of the place of its performance. * * * The opinion in that case has not escaped criticism: £ If viewed as the Chancellor interpreted the case, it is perhaps irreconcilable with other cases and with general principles; ’ (Story on Conflict of Laws, § 293c); £ it appears to me that the case was correctly decided, but * * * upon principles and expositions to which I cannot assent, and which appear to me inconsistent with the general - reasoning of the authorities ’ (id., note 3
And concerning the case of De Wolf v. Johnson (10 Wheat. 383) Mason, J., says.that by it “it is expressly decided that the lex loci contractus must govern in a question .of usury, although by the terms of the agreement the debt was to be secured by a mortgage on real property in -another State. The case is cited with approbation in the case of Andrews v. Pond (13 Peters, 78). The case of . Newman v. Kerhaw (10 Wis. R. 333) is directly in point and decides the very question presented in this case,” etc.
The same case came before the Court of Appeals under the title of Cope v. Wheeler (41 N. Y. 303), and -in his opinion James, J., says : “ This question was very thoroughly examined in the Supreme Court on a former appeal in this same cause, and an opinion written on that occasion by Justice Mason gave the true exposition of the law on this question, and may well be adopted as the opinion of this court on that question. (53 Barb. 350).”
And Woodruff, J., in a concurring Opinion, says (at p. 313):
“ The contract is said to be withdrawn from the operation of our usury laws, because as claimed, it was made with reference to the laws of Wisconsin, where' it is lawful to reserve interest at the'rate of twelve per cent per annum.
“Ho doubt it is possible for parties in this State to make a contract of loan or advance with sucli reference to a foreign law, that*439 the latter will govern its construction and legal effect. But that rule does not import that parties, by a mere mental operation, can import the law of another State into this for the purpose of altering the character of a loan made here, and to he here returned without any undertaking duty to use the money anywhere else, or any understanding that in respect to .the use or repayment of the money the loan shall differ from any other.”
I think it has now been sufficiently shown that the claim of usury in this case is untenable, although under the statutes of Hew York not only the contract, pursuant to which both deeds were-given, but the deeds themselves would have been void if the contract had been made here and was tó be performed here.
Indeed, Dewey’s case in this respect is not near as strong as the case of the borrower was in Chapman v. Robertson. In the latter case the borrower resided where .the real property was situated; in the present Dewey is shown to have been and to he a resident of the place where the contract was made and was to be performed; in the latter ' the bond specified no place for payment; in the present the notes were expressly made payable at a certain bank in Springfield, Mass.; in the latter the' contract was deemed to have been made with reference to and in contemplation of the laws of Hew York, where the collateral security was valid, though void in England, while in the present it would be preposterous, in the absence of extrinsic proof upon the subject, to suppose for a moment that the shrewd and sharp men dealing with one another at arms’ length intended that the validity of the collateral should be judged by Hew York law, under which it would have been invalid, instead of by the law of Massachusetts, under which it was valid, at least as far as the principal sum. And, finally, it should be borne in mind that the collateral security in this case was a deed absolute on its face, under which Kellogg went into possession and received the rents and profits of the premises; that it was not necessary for him to come to Hew York in the capacity of a mortgagee out of possession and bring foreclosure,, and that the surplus in this case stands as a substitute pro tanto for the rights he enjoyed in Massachusetts under his deed, where Dewey would have to make a tender of the amount due in order to entitle himself to a reconveyance.
The plea of usury not being available, it remains to be seen
Kellogg admits that he has received from rents and' insurance rebates, etc., from parcel No. 1 and is chargeable on that-account .with $10,443.96.
On the other hand, Dewey conceded the correctness of certain charges and Kellogg proved the payment by him of others, making a total of, $6,553.96.
Deducting this sum from total collections of $10,443.96 leases Kellogg accountable for $3,890, which has been credited Dewey against interest, in pursuance to an agreement between the parties, as testified, by Dewey. Deducting this amount from the total indebtedness above shown of $44,125, leaves a balance still due Kellogg, on behalf of himself, Morse and the Second National Bank, of $40,235.
As this sum is much larger than the total surplus coming to parcel No. 1, it was not deemed necessary to establish in this proceed-'
The result, therefore, is that neither Dewey nor his judgment creditors are entitled to any portion of the surplus.
The'reinaining questions relate to the apportionment of the surplus and the costs of the foreclosure suit "between Kellogg and the Kroeger Piano Company and the amount which each party should be charged with as his proportionate share of the costs and expenses of the reference. Most of these questions must, as has been conceded, be determined upon equitable considerations, and to á correct determination of them it is necessary to consider a number of agreements and transactions not-yet referred to.
It appears that the deed by Kellogg to the Kroeger Piano Company, hereinbefore referred to, was executed and delivered at the request of Dewey, who by an agreement dated October 15, 1905, had contracted to'sell parcel No. 2 to the Kroeger Piano Company for the sum of $100,000, subject to a mortgage or mortgages pot exceeding $75,000. In consequence of the inability of Dewey to fully perform this agreement, a further agreement was made between him and the Kroeger Piano Company bearing even date with the deed from Kellogg, to the effect that by the acceptance of said deed, subject as therein stated, the Kroeger Piano Company, paid and discharged $75,000 of the $100,000 which was the total agreed purchase price, and that the balance of $25,000 should be paid only upon certain conditions and in a certain manner expressly set forth in said further agreement. One of the conditions was in effect that Dewey should, in one of two ways proposed, so arrange the existing mortgages on parcel Ko. 2 that it should be held only as security for the sum of $75,000; that then, but not until .then, the sum of $.25,000 should be liquidated in a certain way; and that, if there should be a foreclosure of either or both of the then existing mortgages, the Kroeger Piano Company might take steps and measures to protect itself and that any and every cost, expense and outlay incidental in any way to the accomplishment of that end, and all loss and damage to said company, by reason of such, proceedings and sales, should be paid out of said $25,000.
Johnson having thereafter begun a suit to foreclose his mortgage for $25,000, upon the whole of the premises, an agreement was on
The performance of the conditions of the agreement of December 31, 1902, materially changed the situation created by the agreement of October 31, 1902, and further notes having been given by the Kroeger Piano Company to Dewey for the balance due on account of the sum of $25,000 which constituted part of the purchase price, a further agreement was drawn Up dated January IT, 1903, to define with precision the respective remaining rights and obligations of the Kroeger Piano Company and of Dewey and Kellogg.
This last-mentioned agreement referred to the prior agreements of October 31 and December 31, 1902, and the performances thereunder, and then stated that of the $20,000 in cash -paid to Johnson as recited in the agreement of December 31,-1902, $15,000 was furnished by the Kroeger Piano Company and the balance by Dewey; that by the payment of the Johnson mortgage parcel No. 2 was relieved from the lien of $15,000 of the second mortgage subject to which the said parcel was conveyed by Kellogg, and that, therefore, it remained for the Kroeger Piano Company to pay said $15,000 in order to complete the full s.um of $100,000- which was the actual consideration of the deed to it as between it and Dewey.
By paragraph 9 of the same agreement it was further provided that if, for any cause (not the fault of the Kroeger Piano Company) there should be a foreclosure of the mortgage for $110,000, the said company might take such steps and measures as by it might be thought proper and expedient to protect itself and its interests in such foreclosure proceedings and the sale or sales thereunder, and that any and every act, expense and outlay incidental- in any way to the accomplishment of that end, and all loss and damage to said company by reason of such proceedings and sales should be deducted from said $15,000, and that only the remainder, if any, should be payable as aforesaid.
And by paragraph 12 of the same agreement it was provided as follows: “ The said Kellogg hereby ratifies and confirms all the transactions and agreements relative to the said property, and the sale thereof to said corporation, or in any way arising out of the same, and does hereby express his acquiescence in and consent to the terms and provisions of this agreement.” .
This agreement was signed and acknowledged by Dewey and Kellogg and appears to have been delivered between.them* for on this reference it was produced by Dewey on the call of the Kroeger Company. It appears not to have been executed by said company, but, as no point was made on account thereof, I shall assume that it was.
Thereafter, by an instrument dated April 29, 1905, and subsequent to the commencement in March, 1905, of the foreclosure action by the Manhattan Life Insurance Company, Mr. Garritson took from Dewey an assignment of all right, title, interest and demand which Dewey ever had, or might at any time thereafter
Upon this state of facts it is clear that as - between Dewey, Kellogg and the Kroeger Piano Company it was expressly agreed that under the mortgage of $110,000 foreclosed in this action, .parcel No. 1 should- be held as security to the extent of $50,000, and parcel No. 2 to the extent of $.60,000.
But I fail to see how parcel No. 1 can be charged with the total amount of the costs and expenses of said, foreclosure. The only agreement remaining in force as to said costs and expenses in which Kellogg joined was the agreement of January 1Y, 1903, by which it was provided that said costs and expenses should be paid by Dewey and charged against a specific fund of $15,000 which was to be paid, to Dewey and not to Kellogg, as a- part of the purchase price of parcel No. 2. This is all that, upon the state of facts then existing, Kellogg assented to. Even if it be held, therefore, -that not only as between him and Dewey, but also as between him and the Kroeger Piano Company his title is merely that of a mortgagee in possession, it needs no authorities to substantiate the proposition that without the consent of the mortgagee Dewey could not create a subsequent lien on the property to the prejudice of the mortgagee’s rights therein. And inasmuch as Kellogg’s claim against Dewey is larger than the total amount of the.surplus coming tó parcel No. 1, neither the whole nor any part of the costs and expenses of the foreclosure can' be assessed upon Kellogg except upon equitable considerations.
Under, all the circumstances disclosed, the most equitable disposition that can be made is to apportion the amount of such costs and expenses between the two owners of record of the parcels sold under the judgment in the same proportions as the said parcels are chargeable under the mortgage, that is to say, parcel No. 1 is chargeable with five-elevenths of said costs and expenses, and parcel No. 2 with six-elevenths of said costs and expenses. They are shown by the referee’s report to be:
The only remaining question in dispute relates to the costs and expenses of the reference in the surplus-money proceedings. These,, it is conceded, should also be equitably apportioned. Upon this branch of the case the material facts are that the claims presented by Kellogg, to the extent that they were disputed, were decided in his favor. So far as the Kroeger Piano Company is concerned it put forward first a claim to the entire surplus, and, when defeated as to that, a claim that parcel Ho. 1 should be charged with the entire costs ánd expenses of foreclosure,- and in that was also unsuccessful. Both claims required the taking of much testimony, full consideration of the points submitted in extensive briefs and the rendition of elaborate opinions thereon. And Dewey litigated not only the question of usury and the extent of Kellogg’s claim for moneys loaned, but also assisted the Kroeger Piano Company in its attempt to saddle the entire costs and expenses of the foreclosure upon parcel Ho. 1, In both instances he was wholly defeated. His judgment creditors stood behind him, but their participation in the reference did not materially increase the labor and expense attached to it. Upon full consideration I am of the opinion that the most equitable disposition that can be made is to apportion the amount of the referee’s fees and expenses in such a way as to make five-elevenths chargeable against parcel Ho. 1 and six-elevenths against parcel Ho. 2. Upon this reference a personal judgment against Dewey for the part charged against parcel Ho. 1 cannot be given in favor of Kellogg, and he should, therefore, be left to make a motion for such relief in conjunction with his motion for the confirmation of the report, if so advised.
The final result is that out of the surplus aforesaid there should be paid to Kellogg the sum of $38,574.24, with such interest thereon as it may have earned, if any, and the remainder of the surplus, with interest, if any, to the Kroeger Piano Company, less
Wilcox Silver Plate Co. v. Green.— [Rep.
Sce Story on Conflict of Laws (8th ed.), 402, note 1.—Rep.
See 3 Kent Com. (14th ed.) 461, note a.— [Rep.
Supra.— [Rep.
Concurrence Opinion
The action was brought to foreclose a mortgage for $110,000 executed by George F. Johnson, who then owned the premises. One Albert Joske subsequently became the owner of the premises and at the instance of appellant Dewey he conveyed the same to defendant ¡Kellogg as security for money loaned by Kellogg to Dewey in Massachusetts and payable, there, but at a rate of interest which would make the loan usurious and void under the laws of ¡New York,
.After defendant Kellogg obtained the legal title and before the foreclosure action was commenced.he conveyed part of thepi’emises to the defendant Kroeger Piano Company. The decree directed the sale of that part of the premised, the title to which remained in Kellogg, designated as parcel fío. 1 first. The sale resulted in a surplus. The referee found that parcel ¡No. 1 was entitled to $38,547.39 of the surplus, and parcel ¡No. 2 to $1,752.20 thereof. There is no controversy over the division of the surplus between the respective parcels, but both the appellant Dewey and the defendant Kellogg claim that part of the surplus arising on the sale of parcel ¡No'. 1. At the time the foreclosure action was commenced an action brought by judgment creditors of Dewey against Kellogg, Dewey and others to have the deed to Kellogg declared a mortgage was pending, and after the sale, but before the surplus-money proceedings were instituted, judgment had been duly entered in that action declaring that the. deed to Kellogg “was as between Kellogg and Dewey a mortgage, and .that Dewey was the owner of Parcel ¡No. 1.”
In the surplus-money proceedings Kellogg claimed the fund not by virtue of ownership of the title, but by virtue of the lien of the judgment in effect declaring his deed a mortgage. Dewey contested this claim on the part of Kellogg upon the ground that he was the owner of parcel ¡No. 1 and that the loan to Kellogg to secure which he received the deed was usurious, and that, therefore, the conveyance to him was void under our statute, which declares, among other things, that “all * *■ * conveyances * * * whereupon or whereby there shall be reserved or taken, or secured
I agree with the learned referee that the validity of the notes to secure which the mortgage was given is governed by the law of Massachusetts, and that being valid, their payment could be enforced here; but I am of opinion that the validity of the deed as security for the indebtedness is to be determined by our statute. On this joovnt the authority of Chapman v. Robertson (6 Paige, 627) has not, so far as I have been able to discover, been overruled, criticised or questioned. (See, also, McGoon v. Scales, 9 Wall. 23 ; Boyce v. City of St. Louis, 29 Barb. 650 ; Goddard v. Sawyer, 9 Allen [Mass.], 78.).
The decree establishing that the deed was given as security for the payment of money and is in fact a mortgage, is not contained in the record, nor are the pleadings in .that action in the record • before us. It appears that both claimants to the fund were parties to that action, and are, therefore, bound by the judgment. Probably the amoxmi for which it was decreed that the deed was given as security was not involved in that action, but it may well be that the deed was held to be valid as security for some indebtedness, and upon this record it cannot be said that it was not so held. It may fairly be inferred that the nature and validity of the instrument was adjudicated in that action. The record shows that. Kellogg stands upon the judgment therein. In surplus-money proceedings there are no pleadings to embarrass claimants, and the rights of a claimant must be determined on the entire record. I cannot, upon this record, say that Dewey is not precluded by the judgment from .questioning the validity of the deed as security, and, therefore, I concur for‘affirmance ; but if the record fairly presented the question as to whether a mortgage upon real estate in Kew York could be upheld as security for a loan made elsewhere., at a rate of interest which would be usurious here, I would be disposed to answer it in the negative. ,
Clarke, J., concurred.
