Mr. Justice Blatchfoed

delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a suit originally brought in the Chancery Court of Shelby County, Tennessee, by Eliza Walker, against the Manhattan Bank of Memphis, a Tennessee banking corporation. The suit was removed by the plaintiff into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Western District of Tennessee. The bill oif complaint and the answer were both of them put in before, and the replication was filed after, the removal of the cause. -

The bill prays for a decree for the return- to the plaintiff of $3000 of the' second-mortgage bonds of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad Company," and $2200 of the secondmiort: g%ge bonds of the Mississippi Central Railroad Company, and of "a promissory note for $5000, made by Edward Goldsmith, and-of certain shares-of the capital stock of the defendant, amounting to $6000, attached to the' said promissory note as security^ therefor. The bill alleges that the defendant, in the course of its btísiness, and on the 27th of November, 1880, receivedym special deposit the above-named bonds, promissory note and shares of stock, belonging to bhe plaintiff, together with a certificate of the stock of the People’s Insurance Company, for $1100, and four promissory notes for $325 in the aggregate; that the said bonds had coupons attached thereto *269 for the interest payable thereon at certain stated periods; that the defendant gave its obligation in writing, as evidence of the receipt on special deposit, from the plaintiff, of the said securities, and was bound to deliver them to the plaintiff on demand; and that the stock of the People’s Insurance Company, and the $325 of notes, were returned to her, but the bonds and the coupons attached thereto, and the note of Goldsmith, and' the-bank stock were never' returned to her, although she made demand upon, the defendant for them. The bill prays for a decree for the return of the property, and for the amount of the decline in its value from the time when she demanded it until the time when it shall be restored; and, if not' restored; then for a personal decree against the defendant for the highest value of it at any time since she first made demand for it to the date of the decree, with interest.

The answer sets up in defence, that, for some time prior to November, 1880, Mr. G. H. Judah, a brother-in-law of the plaintiff, kept an account and had transactions with the defendant, in which he styled himself sometimes agent, and some? times guardian, but without disclosing for whom hp was agent or guardian; that .he made deposits and drew checks in that way on his account, as the other depositors with the defendant did, and, at different times, prior to November, 1880, bought the bonds and insurance company’s stock named in the bill, and paid for them by. checks on his account with the defendant ; that, as he would buy those securities, he would leave them on deposit with the defendant, without taking any receipt for them; that, in the fall of 1880, he left with'the defendant the Goldsmith note and the collateral therefor, and the four other notes mentioned in-the bill; that those notes were payable to the said G. H. Judah as agent simply, without saying for whom he was agent; that,'prior to November 27, 188.0, he had never told the defendant whether he had any principal or not, or who his principal was, or for whom he was guardian, if for any one; that on or about that date, he asked the defendant to give to him, as agent for the plaintiff, a receipt for the bonds, stocks and notes, telling it at the' time that,he was the plaintiff’s general agent for the management and control .of *270 those securities and notes; that the defendant gave to. him'.a receipt as-such -agent; .that, after the. receipt was given, some of the notes described in it were paid while they were on deposit with the. defendant, and the said Judah, as agent of the plaintiff, drew out the money in the,: ordinary way, and from time; to time, as. agent of the plaintiff, withdrew from -the cus-tody of the defendant the items mentioned in the receipt, until he had withdrawn them all, when .he gave, to the defendant a receipt -for them, in which he ..acknowledged having received them as agent for the plaintiff; that,- if the' plaintiff owned the items, Judah had authority from, her to control and manage •them, as fully as, she could have- done as owner, .if they had been .in her .actual possession, instead of in his possession as her. agent.; that he was her general agent with reference to them, and had power' not only to deposit them, but also to withdraws them from deposit, if he saw fit; that, when he demanded them from the' defendant, his agency was still in force, and the defendant-could not legally have refused to give them uptohim as the agent of the plaintiff; that, upon returning them to Judah, as such agent, all liability of the defendant with reference to them ceased; and that the defendant is not indebted to the plaintiff on account of said securities.

Proofs were taken on-both,sides, and the cause was heard,; and the court made a decree adjudging to the plaintiff a recovery against the defendant of $5000, being the amount of the Goldsmith note, with $1175 interest thereon from the date of its maturity, November 1,. 1881,' on the ground that the defendant had collected the amount- of that note and appropriated the ,-same to its. own use, and further decreeing that the defendant, was not hable to the plaintiff for any of- the other items; mentioned in the bill, and that neither party should recover costs.front the other. • Each party has taken a separate appeal to this court. '■

The answer does not set up, as a defence, that the defendant was not authorized to. receive the property in question as a special deposit, or to give the receipt therefor. It was stipulated between the parties that the defendant received no compensation,' as bailee, for the custody of the property:sued for; *271 that the Memphis and Charleston Railroad bonds bore seven per cent interest, payable semi-annually, and evidenced by interest coupons maturing January 1 and July 1 in each year, the bonds maturing on. the 1st of January, 1885; and that the Mississippi Central Railroad bonds bore eight per cent interest, payable semi-annually, and evidenced by coupons maturing February 1 and August 1 in each year, the bonds maturing on the 1st of February, 1885. '

The suit is plainly one of equitable .cognizance, the bill being filed to charge the defendant, as a trustee, for a breach of - trust in regard to a special deposit.

The opinion of the Circuit Court, reported in 25 Fed. Rep. 247, contains so full and accurate-a statement, in the main, of the facts of the case, developed-by the proofs, that wé repeat and adopt it, as follows: “ The firm of Walker Bros. & Co., composed of the plaintiff’s husband, his brother and G¡ H. Judah, was a large mercantile house in Memphis that •disastrously failed' and made an assignment.- The plaintiff and the wife of the other brother, being creditors of the firm for large amounts due them for loans to the firm, owned the book accounts, which were bought for their use by Judah in the name of Maas, the book-keeper, at the assignee’s sale, the husband of plaintiff paying for her share. These books, with the knowledge and consent of .plaintiff and her husband, who afterwards died — but it seems without any spécific instructions of any kind — were left with Judah to collect the debts and manage the fund for the two beneficiaries, who resided in other cities. His control over the funds was of the mos; plenary character. He married a sister of the two brothers, and had been the most active member of the -firm and was-best acquainted with its business. The collections were deposited with the defendant bank in- his name as ‘ ghardian,’ or in the name of Maas, the former book-keeper of the firm, who became the book-keeper and assistant cashier of the' defendant bank. Prior to Ndvember 27, 188Ó,4 Judah had purchased certain securities with the funds, which he kept on special deposit with the bank or in the name of Maas. On' that day he came to the bank and asked Maas for a receipt, *272 showing the special deposit, to. send to the plaintiff. The hank was not in the habit of giving receipts or- certificates for these special deposits, but kept them noted by numbers in a .book used for that purpose. Maas wrote a receipt on a sheet of the bank’s letter-paper, and according to his and Judah’s testimony,' placed it in one of the bank’s envelopes addressed to the plaintiff, and put' it with the bank’s mail. ■The plaintiff and her daughter swear that it was accompanied' by a. letter from Maas. "What was' in the letter does not appear, and, not being preserved, it has not been produced, but is supposed to have been burned' as useless. The routine of the. bank] was, that Goldsmith, the cashier, personally signed and inspected every letter and himself enveloped and addressed them. This letter he did not see or sign, and it was never copied into the letter-press. The receipt was as follows:

‘Manhattan Bank of Memphis.

‘L. Levy, president; L. Hanauer, vice-president; E. Goldsmith, cashier; M. Maas, ass’t cashier.

.‘Memphis, Tenn., November 27, 1880.

‘G. H. Judah, Esq., agent for Mrs. Eliza "Walker, of Philadelphia, has placed with us on special deposit:

‘ $3000, Mémph. & Chari. R. R. 2d-m’tg. bonds.

‘$2200, Mss. Central- “ “ “

‘ $1100, People’s Insurance Co. stock.

‘ $5000, note E. G., and collateral attached, $6000 M. Bank stock. ' . •

‘ $325,-interest notes (4 @ $81.25).

‘Maurice Maas,

‘Ass’t Cashier ’

.“ Some time in 1880 ther-son of the plaintiff and. a son of the other “Walker, both young men, commenced' business at Memphis as Walker Sons & Co. '.This firm kept an account with the defendant bank, and-later with the Bank of Commerce.. It-was'.‘never very -stroiig’ financially-, ■ and; its business was cotton factorage. Judah was thought by Goldsmith to be a partner, and the'plaintiff at oné time swore- he was a silent *273 partner, but afterwards stated she was informed he was not. He says he was only a salaried manager. The members of the firm were inexperienced, and Judah was, in fact, the almost, sole manager of all its affairs — the master spirit of the concern. It is not shown that the young men took any part, except one of them kept the books after" Maas had opened them.

“ The plaintiff in October, 1880, lent to her son, the firm being also responsible, $10,000, as his capital in the concern, derived from the life insurance of her husband. Judah also appropriated or lent to the firm, from time to time, sums amounting to over $9000, from his collections in behalf of plaintiff on the old books. The interest on these sums and on the special deposit funds were remitted by the firm — not always promptly — to the plaintiff at Philadelphia, by exchange or checks; and■ sometimes the coupons-were sent by express to her. When remittances were delayed she wrote or telegraphed the firm. She never communicated with the bank in any way. The remittances were nearly always in letters by her son, and they contained apologies and explanations for delays.

“ The defendant bank made large advances to the firm, generally by discounts on the security of the firm’s £ country paper’ due from.its customers. Judah promised the bank to always protect it as far as in his power, and the relation was very confidential. The bank began to urge him for a reduction of the account, and, not being willing to accommodate him fully, he opened an account with the Bank of Commerce. The Goldsmith note maturing November 1, 1881, he” [Goldsmith] “ notified Judah that he should- not longer need the loan. Maas and Judah say that£ a few days before the note matured, Judah, being unable to continue the loan to Goldsmith, determined to lend the money to Walker Sons & Co.; and to accomplish that purpose the' note of Goldsmith was discounted by the bank, and the proceeds placed to the credit of Walker Sons & Co. ... At the same time, Judah urged a loan on the other securities of plaintiff on special deposit, but' the bank declined this on the ground that cotton factors’ ac *274 counts were not desirable to a bank with so small a capital. '. . . The bank did not make the loan, because Judah was unwilling to pay the money on the old account. He could get the money at the Bank of Commerce. He told the officers of the defendant bank so, and they delivered the securities to him, fully knowing that he was going to make that use of them. Maas consulted the president and the attorney whether •he should deliver the securities to Judah, and they directed him to do so. .He had forgotten, however; giving him the receipt and sending it to-plaintiff, and neither the president nor the attorney knew that fact. Goldsmith, the 'regular cashier, was absent in- New York, but he never knew that fact. Maas never mentioned it, because, he says, he deemed it unimportant at the time and forgot it afterwards. The securities were pledged to the Bank of Commerce, except the People’s Insurance stock, which was on the books in plaintiff’s name and could not be us’ed by Judah. They were sold by that bank to satisfy the loan, and áre lost to plaintiff. The firm of Walker Sons & Co. soon after failed disastrously, owing defendant bank a balance of over $5000, notwithstanding Judah, according to. his promise, appropriated to the debt certain stocks of his own, and his diamonds. After the failure, Kramer, a son-in-law of plaintiff and a lawyer, came to Memphis and present'ed the receipt, and then the plaintiff learned, for the first time,.that the securities' had been so used by Judah, and the bank. Kramer secured the delivery to himself of certain ‘ country paper ’ and mortgages to secure notes that were then fffSt .taken for $20,000 lent by plaintiff to the firm, not including, however, the securities in controversy here. An angry lawsuit grew out of this transaction, in, this family, in the courts of Arkansas. A New York gentleman, nephew of the. btheryoung Walker, filed a bill stating that the securities belonged to him to secure his guaranty of a loan by the Importers- and Traders’ Bank 'of New York to the firm for some $26,000, and that he had sent them to the firm for' collection, and that they were, by the plaintiff’s son, and without consent of the other Walker or Judah, turned over to his own mother; all of which was denied, and th'e averment made that this *275 scheme was trumped up to defeat plaintiff of her advantage and enable Judah to continue business on the assets at Indian Bay, Arkansas.”

The Circuit Court held that the defendant was liable for the amount of the Goldsmith note and interest from the date of its collection, because it had collected the money'and never paid it to the plaintiff, but had, without due authority, appropriated it to its own use, on account of the debt due to it from Walker Sons & Co. As to the $5200 of bonds, the court held that knowlédge by the defendant of the intended breach of. trust by Judah did not make the defendant privy to it and liable for it, as the defendant did not participate in the profits of the fraud; that the receipt given by the defendant did not change the relation of Judah to the property and to the defendant, as it was pot a receipt to the plaintiff but one to Judah • and that it did not satisfactorily appear that the defendant received any part of the money advanced on the bonds.

We are of opinion that the plaintiff is. entitled to recover, not only in respect to' the Goldsmith note, but in respect to the $5200 of bonds.

In regard to the Goldsmith note, shortly before it matured, in November, 1881, Judah indorsed it over to the defendant _as collateral security for a note of larger amount, made by Walker Sons & Co., which the defendant then discounted at the instance of Judah. The proceeds of that discount were, to the extent of $6000, applied by the defendant upon a debt antecedently existing from Walker Sons & Co. to it. ' When the Goldsmith note became due, in November, 1881, the defendant, claiming to be the owner of' it, collected it and retained the proceeds. Thus'a note which confessedly,' and to the knowledge of the defendant, belonged, to the plaintiff, was diverted to the use of the defendant by the co-operation of it. and of Judah.. Judah, if not a partner in the firm of Walker Sons & Co., was, to the" knowledge of the officers of the defendant, the active and controlling manager, both in its business with the defendant and otherwise, of the affairs of that firm. Maas, the assistant cashier, of ..the defendant, and *276 who was its acting cashier during the period of the transactions in question,-, was, before his connection with the defendant, the confidential book-keeper of the prior firm of Walker Bros. & Co., of which Judah was a member, and had a close personal -intimacy with Judah. When the book accounts of ■ Walker Bros. & Co. were sold, Maas bought them, on behalf .-of the plaintiff and her sister, and the funds realized from that purchase were in part deposited in the name of Maas, with the defendant-; and Maas, on the request of Judah, opened the books of Walker Sons & Co., when that firm was formed. Judah promised Maas that he would. certainly protect the defendant in case of disaster to the firm of Walker Sons & Co.

At the time the Goldsmith note was thus converted, the condition of Walker Sons & Co. was precarious, if the firm was not insolvent. Before the conversion of the railroad bonds, Judah pledged to the defendant certain stocks belonging to himself, for the debt due to it by Walker Sons & Co.; and it is apparent that Judah was constantly being-pressed by the defendant to make payments on the firm’s debt to it, and that Maas, being the acting cashier of the defendant, knew, from the state of the account which the firm kept with-the defendant, that it was substantially without available funds.' In none.of the- transactions between the defendant and Judah in regard to the Goldsmith note and the bonds, was the receipt Or certificate which’ had been sent to the plaintiff redelivered to the defendant; and the defendant knew that it had gone into' the hands of the plaintiff, because it had been sent to her by mail directly from the defendant.

In National Bank v. Graham, 100 U. S. 699, one Graham had deposited in a national bank certain bonds of the United States for safe-keeping, and had received from the cashier a receipt setting forth that fact, and that the bonds were to be redelivered on the return of the receipt. Before and after that time, the officers of the bank were accustomed to receive such deposits from others, and they were entered in a book kept by the bank. The bonds were stolen from the custody of the bank, through its gross negligence. On this state of *277 facts,-this court said, (p. 702:) “If a bank be accustomed to take such deposits as the one here in question, and this is known and aqquiesced in by the directors, and the property deposited is lost by the gross, carelessness of the bailee, a liability ensues in like manner as if the deposit had been .authorized by the terms of the charter.” In, support of this proposition, the court cited the cases of Foster v. Essex Bank, 17 Mass. 479; Lancaster Co. Bank v. Smith, 62 Penn. St. 47 ; Scott v. Bank of Chester Valley, 72 Penn. St. 471; Bank of Carlisle v. Graham, 79 Penn. St. 106; Turner v. Bank of Keokuk, 26 Iowa, 562; Smith v. Bank of Westfield, 99 Mass. 605 ; Chattahoochee Bank v. Schley, 58 Georgia, 369.

We are of opinion that the execution of the receipt or certificate in question, and its transmission by mail directly by the defendant to the plaintiff, created the relation of bailor, and bailee between her and'the defendant, and made it an act of gross negligence for the defendant to deliver, or dispose of, or appropriate the securities in question, on the sole request of Judah, and without her direct authority. Under the circumstances of the case, the receipt having been made out by Maas,' the assistant cashier, and sent by him to. the plaintiff, on the request of Judah made on her behalf, the statement in the receipt that' Judah, agent for the, plaintiff, had placed the securi-, ties with the defendant on special deposit, must be regarded as virtually a statement that the plaintiff, by Judah as her agent, had placed the securities with it on special deposit.

Maas’s statement, in his testimony, is, that Judah came to him, while he was in the discharge of his duties in.the bank, “ and said he wanted a receipt, or a statement rather, of what securities he had there on special deposit, to send to Mrs. Walker in Philadelphia. . ' . . He said Mrs. Walker wanted to know what she held. . . . About that time, on our special' deposit book, these bonds and note and stock, mentioned in said receipt, were entered as deposited by G. H. Judah, ag’t Mrs. Eliza Walker.” Maas further states- that Judah never exhibited, any authority to him or to the ban-k, to dispose of the note and the bonds and securities mentioned in the certificate which was sent to Mrs. Walker.

*278 ‘ Judah testifies that the instructions of the plaintiff' to him did not, directlyn ór indirectly, authorize him to pledge any bonds or securities obtained with her money, for his own debts or the debts of others, and that his power was limited to invest her moneys for her exclusive benefit and use.

It is very clear that Judah had no power, either in fact or in law, to pledge the Goldsmith note as security for an existing debt of Walker Sons & Go. to the defendant. Such act was not an investment of the trust fund, and the officers of the defendant knew that it was not. Duncan v. Jaudon, 15 Wall. 165 ; Smith v. Ayer, 101 U. S. 320; National Bank v. Insurance Co., 104 U. S. 54; Shaw v. Spencer, 100 Mass. 382; Loring v. Brodie, 134 Mass. 453.

It is urged on the, part of the defendant, that Judah, as agent of the plaintiff, collected the book accounts of Walker Bros. & Co.; that he deposited the moneys collected with the defendant, to his credit as guardian; that out of those funds he made loans to Walker Sons '& Co., to which the plaintiff did not object; and that he bought the securities in question with moneys belonging to the same fundi But, from the fact that the plaintiff had lent to the firm of Walkér Sons & Co. other moneys, it does not follow that, after the giving of the receipt in question, authority from her to dispose of the securities so placed with the defendant on special deposit, is to be inferred. Her demand upon the defendant, through Júdah, for the receipt showing the-special deposit, and the sending of such receipt directly to her by the defendant, changed the relations of herself and Judah and the defendant, to the securities deposited. The defendant knew, as well as did Judah, that an investment of the proceeds, of any of the securities in a loan to Walker Sons & Co., was'not a safe investment.- It also knew that the' appropriation of the proceeds of the Goldsmith note towards paying a debt due to it by Walker Sons & Co., was an unlawful appropriation; and that the securities covered by the receipt were held as investments, and were the property of the plaintiff. So far as the collection of the interest on the Goldsmith note and on the bonds was concerned, when the' moneys collected in fact reached the plaintiff, the transactions *279 were completed; and no argument can be drawn from them in support of any implied authority to Judah or'to the defendant to divert or appropriate the principal of,the securities.

The views above stated, as applicable to- the Goldsmith note, .apply also, very largely,.to the $5200 of bonds. Under the terms of the receipt, the' plaintiff was. the bailor and the defendant was the bailee, in respect of the bonds, equally with the note. The defendant was not the bailee of Judah, so as to be authorized to deliver the bonds to Judah without the authority of the plaintiff. The defendant had no. right to deliver the bonds to. Judah, when it ’knew that Judah intended to deliver them to the Bank of Commerce as collateral security for a loan of money to be made by. that bank to Walker Sons & Co.; and this, without regard to the question whether or not.the defendant was to receive, or did. receive, /any part of the money borrowed from the Bank of Commerce. Judah applied, to the defendant for a loan of money fbr Walker Sons & Co. on the bonds. Maas, representing the defendant, declined to make the loan. On .receiving such refusal; Judah stated to Maas that he could probably get the money at the 'Bank of Commerce. Afterwards, he called tipon Maas for the- bonds, and told him he had got the money at the Bank of Commerce; and Maas knew, when he handed the bonds to Judah, that Judah received them with a view to a loan to be made by that bank to Walker Sons & Co., and Maas also knew at that time that Judah was the agent of Walker Sons & Co. By the face of the receipt, the defendant recognized the plaintiff as the true owner of the bonds, her name being mentioned in it; and it was capable of no other construction than that the plaintiff owned the securities mentioned. Knowing, from what passed between Maas and Judah, that the bonds were to be used to raise money for the benefit of Walker Sons & Co., and knowing that such use was an improper disposition of the bonds, unless the transaction were affirmatively and directly sanctioned by the plaintiff, the defendant became a party to the misappropriation of the bonds. It is immaterial, in this view, whether, or not the defendant received any portion of the money loaned by the Bánk of Commerce on the security of the bonds.

*280 It- results from these vie’ s that

The decree of the Circuit Court must be n. Nr sed, and the case be remanded to that court with a direction to enter a decree in fawor of the plaintiff, not only for the amount of the Goldsmith note, namely, $5000, with interest from November 1, 1881, but also for the proper value of the $5200 of bonds, with proper interest, such value and interest to be ascertained by the Circuit Court, and the plaintiff to recover costs in this court on both appeals, and costs in the Circuit Court.