This аppeal is from James Mallory’s conviction of felony murder and armed robbery. 1 The evidence adduced at trial authorized the *151 jury to find the following as facts. While the victim, Tori Weston, sat with friends in his parked car, two other cars blocked its exit. Mallory got out of one of those cars and approached with a gun, along with several other young men. Weston and two others escaped and ran, but one of Mallory’s companions pursued, firing a pistol. He caught Westоn, grabbed him, and shot him in the neck, wounding him fatally. Weston’s car was gone when his other companions returned, but was found in woods behind Mallory’s home. The tires, speakers, and radio from it were found in Mallory’s home. Shell casings frоm an automatic pistol were found at the scene, and a clip from an automatic pistol was found in Mallory’s home. A week before the killing, Mallory warned Weston not to interfere with Mallory’s gang, “LTC” (Local Town Crips), and threatened to shoot him. There was also a fight at school in which a large number of persons on Mallory’s side, identified as persons affiliated with the same gang as Mallory, fought four persons, including Weston аnd another person who was with him on the night he died.
1. The evidence at trial, as summarized above, was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find Mallory guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of felony murder (аggravated assault) and armed robbery.
Jackson v.
Virginia,
2. The trial court charged the jury that if there were a conflict between the testimony of witnesses, it would be the jury’s duty to resolve that conflict if it could without imputing false statements tо either witness, but that if the conflict could not be so resolved, the jury was to decide which witness to believe. Mallory contends that the charge was erroneous because it is a “presumption-of-truthfulness” charge such as was disapproved in
Noggle v. State,
Mallory also contends that the charge at issue invades the province of the jury to make credibility determinations. That issue is controlled advеrsely to him by the holding in
Frost v. State,
*152 Mallory also complains that the charge addressed above conflicted with another charge on credibility in which the trial court told the jury that it was the sole judge of credibility. The charges are plainly not conflicting, but complementary in that one is general and the other specific: one tells the jury it is the sole judge of credibility; the other cautions the jury to try to resolve conflicts before judging сredibility. We find no conflict and no error in that charge.
3. In a preliminary charge to the jury, the trial court gave an accurate statement of the State’s burden of proof, but used the phrase “moral and reasonable certainty” in explaining that the burden on the State was to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt rather than beyond all doubt. In the general charge to the jury after the close of evidencе, the trial court gave clear and thorough instruction on the presumption of innocence and the State’s burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, without using the phrase “moral and reasonable certainty.” Mallory contends that the reference to “moral and reasonable certainty” was reversible error because it relieved the State of its burden to prove guilt beyond a reasonable dоubt.
In a decision rendered shortly after the trial of this case, this Court expressly disapproved the use of the challenged phrase.
Wayne v. State,
4. In the course of its instruction on the State’s burden of proving Mallory’s identity as the perpetrator of the offense, the trial court charged the jury that “[i]t is not necessary that the defendant show that another рerson committed the alleged offense. It is sufficient if there are facts and circumstances in this case which would raise a reasonable doubt whether this defendant is, in fact, the person who committed the сrime or was a party to it.” Mallory contends that instruction requires reversal of his conviction because it shifted to him the burden of proving he was not the perpetrator.
We have previously held that a charge in that language is not
*153
burden-shifting
(Little v. State,
5. Mallory takes issue with the trial court’s instruction to the jury that “[m]urder is a foreseeable consequence of a conspiracy to commit armed robbery and a co-consрirator is equally responsible for the murder, although he was not the actual slayer and was not present at the time of the killing.” The correctness of that charge is moot because the jury acquitted Mallory оf the felony murder charge premised on armed robbery as the underlying felony.
Nation v. State,
6. The trial court admitted evidence of Mallory’s involvement with a gang. Mallory contends it was error to admit that evidence becausе it put his character in issue. Mallory concedes that evidence of gang membership is admissible to show a motive for the criminal conduct of a defendant
(Cyrus v. State,
7. In two enumerations of error, Mallory complains of the trial court’s failure to conduct a hearing and make appropriate findings before admitting evidence of similar transactions, and of the admission of such evidence. The evidence Mallory challenges was of the fight at school referenced above and of another incident in which an argument involving Mallory and Westоn escalated to an exchange of gunfire. The nature of the evidence undermines Mallory’s complaint: *154 it is not evidence of similar transactions which the State adduced, but evidence of prior difficultiеs between Mallory and Weston.
[E]vidence of the defendant’s prior acts toward the victim, be it a prior assault, a quarrel, or a threat, is admissible when the defendant is accused of a criminal act against the victim, as the prior acts are evidenсe of the relationship between the victim and the defendant and may show the defendant’s motive, intent, and bent of mind in committing the act against the victim which results in the charges for which the defendant is being prosecuted.
Wall v. State,
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
The crimes were committed on March 24, 1996, and Mallory was indicted on June 27, 1996, for malice murder, felony murder (aggravated assault), felony murder (armed robbery), aggravated assault, and armed robbery. At a trial conducted January 6-9, 1998, the trial court directed a verdict of acquittal on the malice murder charge and the jury acquitted Mallory of felony murder (armed robbery), but convicted him on all other counts. The trial court sentenced Mallory to life imprisonment for felony murder and to 15 years to serve concurrently on the armed robbery conviction, and merged the aggravated assault conviction into the felony murder conviction. Mallory’s motion for new trial, filed January 30, 1998, was denied September 30,1998, and his notice of appeal was filed October 9,1998. Pursuant to that notice of appeal, the case was transmitted to this Court and docketed on November 3, 1998, and was submitted for decision on the briefs.
We note that the instruction at issue here was the occasion for this Court to reiterate
*152
in
Whatley v.
State,