Plаintiff, William A. Maier, appeals by leave granted from the May 19, 2000, opinion and order of the Worker’s Compensation Appellate Commission (wcac) reversing the magistrate’s open award of worker’s compensation benefits. We granted leave to consider whether the presumption of wage-earning capacity found in MCL 418.301(5)(d)(i) is conclusive. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse and remand.
The facts of this case are not in dispute. Plaintiff began his employment with defendant General Telephone Company of Michigan as a facility technician in February 1988. On March 1, 1991, plaintiff fractured his left foot and ankle after jumping from a falling telephone pole. After undergoing surgery, plaintiff returned to his regular work duties in February 1992. However, plaintiff was restricted from climbing ladders. Plaintiff continuеd to perform his regular work duties limited by the climbing restriction until May 29, 1998,
1
when his employment was terminated. According to the record, plaintiff was retained as an employee following his injury with the understanding that his climbing limitation was
As relevant to this appeal, plaintiff filed a claim seeking worker’s compensation benefits on June 1, 1998. Following trial, the magistrate granted plaintiff an open award of benefits. In doing so, the magistrate rejected General Telephone’s argument that MCL 418.301(5)(d)(i) precluded an award of benefits. Specifically, the magistrate found that plaintiff had presented sufficient proof to rebut the presumption of a wagе-earning capacity pursuant to subsection 301(5)(d)(i). 2
Defendants General Telephone and its insurer, American Motorist Insurance Company, appealed to the wcac. In an opinion and order entered May 19, 2000, a split two-to-one panel reversed thе magistrate’s open award of benefits. The majority of the wcac found that because plaintiff engaged in reasonable employment, MCL 418.301(9), for a period exceeding 250 weeks, he was conclusively presumed to have established a new wage-earning сapacity and was not entitled to
[I]f an employee is entitled to benefits without any inquiry into wage earning capacity for the period of less than 100 weeks [of reasonable employment, see MCL 418.301(5)(e)] then for work of 250 weeks or more, no inquiry into wage earning capacity is appropriate either.
The result compelled by the statute is indeed harsh, as [dissenting] Commissioner [James J.] Kent points out. But it is an equal hаrshness in light of the free reign given to employees in the period of under 100 weeks of reasonable employment. During this time period, an employee may perform perfectly regular work as reasonable employment, which would represent a wage earning capacity after injury, but even in circumstances where the employee is terminated for just cause unrelated to injury, this work cannot create a wage earning' capacity as a matter of law. For less than 100 weeks the loss of work for reasons tоtally unrelated to the injury requires reinstatement of benefits without regard to the employee’s actual wage earning capacity after injury. For 250 weeks or more, the performance of reasonable employment creates a presumption оf wage earning capacity whether or not the employee loses the job for reasons unrelated to the injury. Both scenarios work injustices to particular parties in the more dramatic circumstances.
In a lengthy dissent, Commissioner Kent disagreed with the majоrity’s analysis, concluding that the presumption of wage-earning capacity found in MCL 418.301(5)(d)(i) was rebuttable.
Whether the presumption of wage-earning capacity following 250 weeks or more of reasonable employment in subsection 301(5)(d)(i) is conclusive presents a question of statutory construction. We review de novo such questions of law.
Perez v Keeler Brass Co,
When reviewing questions of statutory construction, our purpose is to discern and give effect to the Legislature’s intеnt. Murphy v Michigan Bell Telephone Co,447 Mich 93 , 98;523 NW2d 310 (1994). We begin by examining the plain language of the statute. Where that language is unambiguous, we presume that the Legislature intended the meaning clearly expressed — no further judicial construction is required or permitted, and the statute must be enforced as written. Tryc v Michigan Veterans’ Facility,451 Mich 129 , 135;545 NW2d 642 (1996). We must give the wоrds of a statute their plain and ordinary meaning, and only where the statutory language is ambiguous may we look outside the statute to ascertain the Legislature’s intent. Turner v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,448 Mich 22 , 27;528 NW2d 681 (1995). [DiBenedetto v West Shore Hosp,461 Mich 394 , 402;605 NW2d 300 (2000).]
Although this Court will ordinarily defer to the wcac’s interpretation of a provision of the Worker’s Disability Compеnsation Act, (wdca), MCL 418.101
et seq.
,we will not afford such deference where the wcac’s interpretation of the pertinent statute is clearly incorrect.
Tyler v Livonia Public Schools,
MCL 418.301(5) provides in pertinent part:
If disability is established pursuant to [MCL 418.301(4)], entitlement to weekly wage loss benefits shall be determined pursuant to this section and as follows:
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(d) If the employee, after having been employed pursuant to this subsection for 100 weeks or more loses his or her job through no fault of the employeе, the employee shall receive compensation under this act pursuant to the following:
(i) If after exhaustion of unemployment benefit eligibility of an employee, a worker’s compensation magistrate or hearing referee, as applicablе, determines for any employee covered under this subdivision, that the employments since the time of injury have not established a new wage earning capacity, the employee shall receive compensation based upon his or her wage at the original date of injury. There is a presumption of wage earning capacity established for employments totaling 250 weeks or more.
(ii) The employee must still be disabled as determined pursuant to [MCL 418.301(4)]. If the employee is still disabled, he or she shall be entitled to wage loss bеnefits based on the difference between the normal and customary wages paid to'those persons performing the same or similar employment, as determined at the time of termination of the employment of the employee, and the wages paid at the time of the injury.
* * *
(e) If the employee, after having been employed pursuant to this subsection for less than 100 weeks loses his or her job for whatever reason, the employee shall receive compensation based upon his or her wage at the original date of injury. [Emphasis supplied.]
The Legislature amended the wdca to enact subsection 301(5) in 1981, codifying the judicially created favored-work doctrine.
McJunkin v Cellasto Plastic Corp,
The word “presumption” is not defined in the statute. Thus, it is appropriate for this Court to turn to its dictionary definition to ascertain its meaning.
Popma v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
An inference in favor of a particular fact. A presumption is a rule of law, statutory or judicial, by which [the] finding of a basic fact gives rise to [the] existence of [a] presumed fact, until [the] presumption is rebutted.[ 3 ]
Unlike the wcac majority, we find no basis in the plain language of subsection
In our opinion, an interpretation of the presumption of a wage-earning capacity in subsection 301(5)(d)(i) as conclusive would directly contravene the well-settled mandate governing our Courts’ interpretation of the wdca. Specifically, the wdca, as a remedial statute, must be “liberally construed to grant rather than deny benefits.”
DiBenedetto, supra
at 402-403, quoting
Sobotka v Chrysler Corp (After Remand), 447
Mich 1, 20, n 18;
The WDCA expressly provides that an individual who refuses a legitimate offer of reasonable employment “without good and reasonable cause” is prohibited from receiving wage-loss benefits. See MCL 418.301(5)(a). Were we to conclude that the presumption of wage-earning cаpacity found in MCL 418.301(5)(d)(i) is conclusive and that disabled workers engaged in reasonable employment for 250 weeks or more are foreclosed from presenting evidence to rebut the presumption, disabled workers would be penalized for engaging in reasonable employment. In our view, “[i]t makes little sense to encourage an
employee to return to work by conditioning the receipt of benefits on the acceptance of reasonable employment,” but then subject the employee to an inflexible сonclusive presumption of wage-earning capacity that results in the denial of benefits. See
Kurz v Michigan Wheel Corp,
A close review of the opinion of the wcac’s majority illustrates its concern with what it characterized as “the draconian symmetry” of the provisions of § 301. Specifically, the majority expressed its apparent dissatisfaction that if an individual’s emplоyment is terminated after engaging in reasonable employment for less than one hundred weeks “the employer is absolutely precluded from arguing that the new job created a new wage
[PJolicy questions are properly direсted toward the Legislature rather than to [the] Court. [The Court’s] duty is to construe the text of the statute before [it], not to reach the policy result we judges think preferable. See Jennings v Southwood,446 Mich 125 , 142;521 NW2d 230 (1994), quoting City of Lansing v Lansing Twp,356 Mich 641 , 648;97 NW2d 804 (1959) (“ ‘The duty of the Court is to interpret the statute as we find it. The wisdom of the provision in question in the form in whiсh it was enacted is a matter of legislative responsibility with which courts may not interfere’ ”).
Further, our conclusion that the presumption of wage-earning capacity following 250 weeks or more of reasonable employment is rebuttable is consistent with the opinion of a leading commentator on Michigan’s worker’s compensation law.
If the employee engages in subsequent employment for 250 or more weeks, all the conditions that apply to those who work for 100 weeks or more apply and there is a presumрtion that the subsequent work established a wage earning capacity. Sections 301(5)(d)(i), 401(3)(d)(i).
In Derks v Munson Med Ctr, 1999 Mich ACO 285, 12 MWCLR 1231 (1999), the commission held that the presumption is conclusive and irrebuttable. This is questionable. If the legislature intended this to be a conclusive presumption, it would have said so. [Welch, Worker’s Compensation in Michigan: Law & Practice (4th ed), § 10.23, p 10-18 (emphasis supplied).]
Accordingly, we hold that the wcac erred in interpreting the plain language of MCL 418.301(5)(d)(i) as creating a conclusive presumption of wage-earning capacity following 250 weeks or more of reasonable employment.
Reversed and remanded to the wcac for рroceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Notes
Plaintiff was briefly laid off from work for the periods of December 9, 1994, to March 20, 1995, and July 19, 1996, to December 8, 1996.
The magistrate also dismissed defendants GTE North, Inc., and its insurer, Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania, as parties to this action.
Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed), p 1186, further defines a conclusive presumption as “one in which proof of [a] basic fact renders the existence of the presumed fact conclusive and irrebuttable.”