31 Conn. 170 | Conn. | 1862
We think the evidence introduced by the defendant under his plea of the general issue was properly received.
The 90th section of the act for the regulation of civil actions (Comp, of 1854, p. 80,) provides, that under the plea of the general issue prescribed in the 88th section of the same act, the defendant may (without notice) “ give his title in evidence, or any special matter of defense and justification, according to the nature of the action,” excepting “ matter in avoidance, or a defense consistent with the truth of the material allegations in the declaration.” The material allegations in this declaration in relation to the paper in controversy, so far as the defense set up is applicable to such allegations, are, in the first count, that on the 16th of May, 1860, Monson made his promissory note of that date, and thereby promised to pay, at the Metropolitan Bank in the City of New York, to
“ Canaan, May 16th, 1860. To Van Antwerp & Co., No. 9 New York City. Ninety days after date I promise to pay to the order of William Douglass thirty-five hundred dollars, value received, at the Metropolitan Bank, New York City. $3?500. Forbes Monson.”
—and delivered said writing to said Douglass; that said Van Antwerp & Co. on the same day in writing on said contract accepted the same, according to the tenor and effect thereof; that' said Douglass indorsed the writing, by which indorsement he then and there ordered and appointed the said sum of money in said writing specified to be paid to the plaintiffs, and delivered said writing so indorsed to the plaintiffs.
The special matter set up, and of which the defendant gave the evidence objected to, is set forth in the motion before us. It is in substance that in February, 1860, at Monson’s request, the defendant put his name as indorser upon several blank pieces of paper, to enable Monson to make drafts on such pieces of paper from time to time, of from one to five hundred dollars; that the piece of paper upon which the instrument in'question had been written was one of the pieces so
■S New York, 185 a> ¿g Sewell, Perris & Co., ^ Pay to tg: Dollars. Porbes Monson.
—and that after such indorsement said Monson, without the defendant’s knowledge, had altered the blank form by erasing the words “ New York,” “ Sewell, Perris & Co.,” and the figure “ 5,” and inserting other words and figures, so as to make the thirty-five hundred dollar instrument declared on.
This is not “ matter in avoidance.” Avoidance in pleading is defined to be “ the introduction of new or special matter, which, admitting the premises of the opposite party, avoids or repels his conclusions.” Bouvier’s Law Diet., Avoidance. “ Matter of avoidance,” says Mr. G-ould in his learned and accurate treatise on Pleading, chap. 2, section 42, “ is new matter which admits the declaration to be true, but shows nevertheless, either that the defendant was never liable to the recovery claimed against him, or that he has been discharged from his original liability, by something supervenient.” See also the same treatise, chap. 1, sec. 24 ; Stephens on Pleading, 71, 181; Chitty on Pleading, 599.
Now the charge in two of the plaintiffs’ counts is, that the defendant indorsed a promissory note, and in the seventh count also that he indorsed a paper, which is set out in the count, and which is a promissory note if any thing. And the charge in the second count, and in the fifth, is, that the defendant indorsed a bill of exchange drawn by Monson upon Yan Antwerp & Co. Neither of these charges is confessed either expressly or by implication by the defense set up, but both of them are explicitly denied. The admission that the party indorsed an inchoate bill of exchange is very different from an admission that he indorsed a promissory note ; and the admission that a party indorsed an inchoate bill of exchange drawn on Sewell, Perris & Co. is equally different
This defense then the defendant had a right to make and prove under the general issue.
But the plaintiffs claim that by pleading the general issue alone, the defendant by an irresistible implication admitted the execution and delivery of the very instrument described in the declaration; that the instrument when indorsed by him was in all material particulars the same as by the description of it in the declaration it now purports to be ; and that in the face of that admission his evidence ought not to have been received. In support of this claim the plaintiffs rely upon the 89th section of the statute already referred to, which provides that “ in all actions upon any written instrument or recognizance, claimed to have been executed or entered into by the defendant, and which is described or recited in the declaration, the plaintiff shall not be required to prove the execution or delivery of such instrument or recognizance, unless the defendant at the time .of pleading shall file notice in writing that he denies such execution or delivery.”
At common law when the defendant pleads the general issue only, if there is a subscribing witness to the instrument declared on, the testimony of that witness, if he is living, competent, and within the plaintiff’s power, must always be produced, and if his evidence can not be obtained its absence must be accounted for. Where there was no subscribing witness, or, if there was one, his testimony could not be obtained, then by our law the hand-writing of the defendant or his acknowledgment of it might be proved by other witnesses. And except under an agreement between the parties or their
This statute is in substance identical with the rule of practice adopted by this court the year before the enactment of the law, and was probably suggested by that rule. See 18 Conn., 576. And in our judgment the whole force and operation of the enactment is to relieve the plaintiff from the necessity of making, in every case, formal proof of the defendant’s signature to the instrument in suit.
Notwithstanding the implied admission furnished by the plea of the general issue and the want of notice, the plaintiff must still go forward with his proof in the same manner as if the defendant’s signature had been expressly denied by notice and he had proved it at the outset.
Upon the construction contended for by the plaintiffs, that by pleading the general issue alone the defendant admits the execution of the very instrument declared on, the instrument itself need never be produced, because its existence, its terms, and its legal effect, as well as its execution, would be all admitted by the plea, and the plaintiff would have nothing to prove, and nothing to do but to meet and repel the very narrow defense which the defendant would be left at liberty to make.
But we suppose that, notwithstanding the admission of the execution of the instrument, it must still be produced ; that the defendant may still object to its being read to the jury if it is variant from the description of it in the declaration, if it has been fraudulently and materially altered without his consent, or if, being a simple contract, there was no consideration
We think the defendant was not entitled to the charge he asked for, and that the instructions which were given to the jury were correct.
The “ admitted facts ” were, that the defendant put his name upon an inchoate bill of exchange, drawn'and signed by Monson, on Sewell, Ferris & Co., blanks being left in the bill for the date, amount, time of payment, and the payee’s name; and that he delivered the paper thus indorsed to Monson. Upon these facts indeed an inference arose, which in favor of a bona fide holder of the paper was irresistible, that Monson was authorised by filling the existing blanks to complete the instrument, and to fill them so as to bind the defendant as indorser of a bill of exchange drawn by Monson on Sewell, Ferris & Co. for any sum, and payable at any time and place, which Monson chose. Russell v. Langstaffs Doug., 496. But no inference or presumption of authority to turn tlie bill drawn on Sewell, Ferris & Co. into one drawn on Van Antwerp & Co., or into a promissory note, could arise. Neither dictum nor decision has been cited by the learned counsel to warrant such a claim. We suppose none can be found.
It is true that bills of exchange after acceptance in many respects resemble promissory notes ; but they are a different kind of instrument. And it is obvious that Douglass might have had good reasons for preferring to indorse a bill on Sewell, Ferris & Co., rather than a promissory note made by • Monson only ; and equally good reasons for preferring to indorse a bill on Sewell, Ferris & Co. rather than one on Van Antwerp & Co. What those reasons were it is of no importance to discover or suggest; it is enough that the defendant chose' to indorse a bill on Sewell, Ferris & Co., and indicated his preference on that point by unequivocal evidence upon the face of the bill itself.
Upon the “ admitted facts ” then the plaintiff was not entitled to the instruction asked for.
The paper when indorsed was, as it was appropriately denominated by the judge, an inchoate bill of exchange. The name of Sewell, Ferris & Co. was printed in bold and distinct characters on the face of the paper, and so located there as to render it impossible to assign to it any other office except that of the drawees of a bill; while the other words appearing on the paper were so appropriate to a bill, and so located, as clearly to indicate^the intention of the original authors of the instrument to make a bill of exchange and not a promissory note thereon.
It was then a bill of exchange begun, and so far developed that its character could not be radically changed or altered without destroying it.
Any material alteration in a bill after it is complete, made without consent of the parties whose names are on it, releases them, (Chitty on Bills, 181,) whether such alteration would operate to their prejudice or not. It is enough that the altered instrument if genuine would operate differently from the original. Gardner v. Walsh, 32 Eng. Law & Eq., 162.
That there remained upon the face of the paper after all of the erasures distinct and unmistakeable evidence of its original character, and of the radical changes it had undergone, evidence that it was originally intended for a bill of exchange on Sewell, Ferris & Co., an inspection of the paper clearly demonstrates ; evidence in our judgment amply sufficient to excite distrust, and make it the duty of any one to whom the paper might be offered, to inquire when and by what authority such erasures and alterations had been made.
The presumed authority of one to whom the indorser intrusts a paper entirely blank, to write upon its face either a note or bill for whatever sum he pleases, and, in the case of an inchoate note or bill, his presumed authority to fill all blanks existing in them when indorsed, is conceded ; for without the exercise of such authority the paper would be valueless, and the indorsement of it a nugatory act. But where one indorses an inchoate instrument of either kind, the pre
But it is claimed that it is customary for banks to discount paper written on printed blanks where the printed matter or some part of it has been erased, and that such erasure of printed matter does not of itself cast suspicion on the paper, or put the bank receiving it on inquiry.
We have already expressed our views of the significancy of the alterations apparent in this instrument and of the duty of the plaintiffs in regard to them, and we need only add that we think it would be an innovation upon the system of mercantile law, equally impolitic and unsupported by authority, to hold that any and every part of a bill or note may appear to be erased, and other words written upon the erasure, or in the place of the words erased, without putting the party to whom such paper is offered on inquiry, merely because the words erased were printed instead of written with a pen. Such custom we are persuaded has not yet existed so long or become so general as to make it part of the “ law merchant,” or charge the defendant with its consequences until he is shown to have been cognizant of its existence and to have acquiesed in its operation. It seems more in accordance with principle and with reason to hold that the effect of apparent erasures and alterations in exciting distrust and “ putting upon inquiry,” depends more upon the significance and importance of the words erased than upon the way in which they were first impressed upon the paper; and such we are satisfied is the rule of law.
A new trial should be denied.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.