235 U.S. 106
U.S.
1914
Mr. Justice Day

delivered the opinion of the court.

Williаm A. Richardson, for some years before his death Chief Justice of the Court of Claims of the United States, died at Washington, D. C., October 19, 1896. By his last will and testament, dated August 9, 1895, he described .himself as “Chief Justice of the Court of Claims at Washington, a citizen and inhabitant of Cambridge, in the County of Middlesex and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and having property in said County.” By his will he appointed his brother George F. Richardson, of Lowell, Massachusetts, and Samuel A. Drury, of Wаshington, D. C., as executors and trustees. The will was probated in the Probate Court of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, on October 28, 1896. It appears in the record that the deceased had a little real estate in Massachusetts, but the main portion of his estate was, and always had been, in the City of Washington. The probate of the will in Massachusetts, seems to have been in deference to the expression in the will as to his plaсe of residence. Subsequently, and upon certain proceedings being instituted to enforce taxation in Massachusetts of the estate in the hands of the executors, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held that the actual résidence of Mr. Richardson could be inquired into in that proceeding, and upon the facts shown it was in the District of Columbia. Dallinger v. Richardson, 176 Massachusetts, 77. That case grew out of the imposition of personal taxes amounting to seven thousand five hundred dollars annually on the assets of the estate. As this would have nearly exhausted the income of the estate and cut off the support of the beneficiaries under the will, a bill for injunction was filed in this case in the Supreme Court of the District by the father in behalf of the present appellants, who were the beneficiaries under the will. An amended bill was subsequently filed, having for its object an injunction against the executors from paying out of the estate any taxes in the State of Massachusetts, it being stated that, notwithstanding the recitals of the will, William A. Riehardson’s place of residence and last domicile was in the District of Columbia, where the assets and personal securities of the estate were in the keeping of Samuel A. Drury, also a resident of the District of Columbia. In addition to the injunction, the bill prayed an account of the property of the estate which had come into ' the hands of the executors under the will, and that they might be required to file an account from time to time. Mr. George F. Richardson, one of the executors, being a resident of the State of Massachusetts, and declining to submit to the local jurisdiction, the amended bill-was filed against Samuel A. Drury alone. The answer of Drury stated that he had the custody and control of the assets and personal securities, and expressed his willingness to account in the court or in any other jurisdiction in that behalf for the moneys received by him as executor and trustee. Such proceedings were had that, on April 1,1899, a decree was made continuing the restraining order theretofore made in the case, and finding that the late William A. Richardson was last domiciled in the District of Columbia, where the beneficiaries lived, and it was ordered and decreed that Samuel A. Drury and Samuel Maddox, both of the District of Columbia, be appointed trustees to perform the trusts created in the will, and-they were “authorized and empowered to receive from the executors named in said will all the property whereof the deceased died seized and possessed, provided, nevertheless, that the said Samuel A. Drury and Samuel Maddox shall first give separate bonds in the penal sum of Twenty-five thousand dollars, each, with one or more securities to be approved by this Court, conditioned for the faithful discharge of their duties as such trustees.” Some five reports were ma,de by the auditor to whom the matter was referred to take accounts, and various proceedings were had, which are fully set out in the opinion of the Court of Appeals in this case (37 D. C. App. 519). It is enough for оur purposes to state that the proceedings resulted in an order of reference to the auditor to state the account of the trustees. This order was made on January 17, 1909. The auditor named having died, a further order of reference was made .to another-auditor to “state the final account of the trustees and the distribution of the trust estate in their hands, and report such commission or compensation to thе trustees as may be appropriate and proper.” To this report certain exceptions were filed by the present appellaiits. Upon final hearing, a decreé was entered by which these exceptions were overruled, and the Court of Appeals sustained this action of the Supreme Court (37 D. C. App. supra). Hence this appeal.

The argument has taken a wide range, and questions are discussed which are not embraced in the exceptions filed to the auditor’s report which was the basis of action in the courts below, and in the Court of Appeals that court dealt with only three exceptions, stating that a-number of exceptions were entered to the report, and that those relied upon in that court related to the allow-. anee of a five per cent, commission on principal and ten per cent, on income; to the $18,800 itеm allowed by the Massachusetts court; and to alleged profits, made by the trustees in the purchase of notes for reinvestment.

Under the statute in force at the time of this appeal, owing to the amount involved, the decision of the Court of Appeals might be brought by appeal in review before this court. This court therefore sits as an appellate court for the purpose of reviewing the decree of the Court of Appeals, and that is the extent of the jurisdiction here. Original objections to the auditor’s report and the decree of the Supreme Court, not brought forward in the Court of Appeals, cannot ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‍be made here. Alleged errors not of a fundamental or'jurisdictional character, which were not presented to the appellate court for consideration, and which were waived, either expressly оr by implication, will not be regarded as before this court. Montana Railway Co. v. Warren, 137 U. S. 348, 351; Gila Valley Railway Co. v. Hall, 232 U. S. 94, 98; Grant Bros. v. United States, 232 U. S. 647, 660. We shall, then consider the assignments of error which were brought to the attention of the District Court of Appeals.

First, as to the allowance to the trustees of five per cent, commission on the principal, and ten per cent, on the income. As to this allowance, the auditor made a lengthy finding of fact, setting forth in detail the services rendered by the trustees over a period of ten years, finding, as to the character of the estate, that the great bulk thereof was second trust notes of small amounts, as to which the auditor says that the transactions were almost innumerable, the total number of notes approximating three thousand, and he sets forth in detail other services involving care of the real estate, looking after the repairs of the property, acquiring parcels of real estate, and the sale thereof, and saying in conclusion that he had no hesitancy in finding that the trustees were well entitled to the commissions allowed. This allowance met with the approval of both the District Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals, and seems to have the sanction of an earlier decision of this court, where it was said that such allowances were customary in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Barney v. Saunders, 16 How. 535, 542. We are not therefore prepared to disturb the decree of the courts below in this respect.

The next exception involves the allowance of the item of $18,800.00 in the Probate Court of Massachusetts, and charging the trustees with the balance of the estate after that allowance had been made. It appears that the executors Richardson and Drury appeared on April 4, 1899, in the Massachusetts Probate Court and by petition set forth that they had been appointed and had given bond and due notice of their appointment as executors of the will of William A. Richardson; that there was not at the time of the grants of the letters testamentary, and had not been since, property belonging to the testator in. the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; that since the . granting of letters testamentary Isabel Magruder, the only surviving child and heir at law of the said testator had deceased, and that under and by the terms and provisions of said will it was provided that upon her decease the property of the testator should be held by the executors o£ said will for the benefit of the two minor children* surviving the said daughter, namely, Alexander Richardson Magruder, of the age of sixteen years, and Isabel Richardson Magruder, of the age of about thirteen years; thаt these children who were interested as beneficiaries in the trusts created by the will, at the time of the probate thereof.and ever since had resided at Washington, in the District of Columbia; that Samuel Maddox and Samuel A. Drury had been appointed by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia trustees for said minors, to carry out the provisions of said will in behalf of the said minors, arid that Alexander F. Magruder had been appointed guardian of said minors; and they further represented to the court that William A. Richardson was not at the time of his decease a resident of Massachusetts, but of the District of Columbia, and that all the parties in interest under the will, at the time of the probate thereof, lived in Washington, as they had since and did then. They represented that the will should have been probated at Washington, in the District of Columbia, but either by accident or mistake, probаte in the Probate Court of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, was had, and they asked an order that they be authorized to pay over the trust funds to the trustees appointed by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and that upon the payment of such funds to such trustees they be discharged from further liability.

A decree was entered in the Probate Court of Massachusetts on April 11, 1899, wherein it was found that by the decree of the Supreme Court of thе District of Columbia, dated April 1, 1899, Samuel Maddox and Samuel A. Drury had been duly appointed trustees to perform the trusts of the will, and that the beneficiaries were residents of Washington, and that the guardian of the minors had signified his consent to the granting of the petition, and that the laws of the District of Columbia secured the performance of the trusts, and Richardson and Drury as executors, were authorized to pay. over the trust funds to Maddox and Drury, as trustees. On April 25, 1899, in the same Probate Court, Richardson and Drury, as executors, filed their first and final account, in which they charged themselves with property in the aggregate of 1415,458.37, and asked to be allowed sundry payments and charges. This account was endorsed with a request for its allowance, signed by Alexander R. Magruder and Isabel R. Magruder, by their guardian, Alexander F. Magruder, and by Maddox and Drury, as trustees. On April 25, the Probate Court made the following order: “The foregoing account having been presented for allowance, and verified by the oath of the accountant, and all persons interested having consented thereto in writing, and no objection being made thereto., and the same having been examined and considered by the court: it is decreed that said account be allowed.” The schedules attached show the property and the payments, charges, losses and distributions, among others the item of $18,800.00, to which exception is made. This item states: “Expense of administration, including care of property, the payment of debts, the making of final account, the collection of notes amounting to $226,607.54, the investment in trust notes of $166,958.21, the collection from interest and other sources of $58,168.94, ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‍the payment of about $50,000 for repairs on real estate, the taking up of prior mortgagеs, taxes, etc., including also the payment of moneys to Isabel Magruder and to Alexander F. Magruder, the guardian of their minor children, counsel fees incurred in the defense of suits for taxes in Massachusetts and for . counsel fees in Washington, etc., . . . $18,800.00.”

.The auditor held that he had no authority to disregard or change this item of credit; that the same had been included in the reports of his predecessors and confirmed by the court; and that the allowance, having been made in the Probate Court of Massachusetts, was not open to review.

The Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, in the course of its opinion in this case, states that the appellants contended that there was no jurisdiction in the Probate Court of Massachusetts to probate the will, a position which counsel for the appellant in this case disclaims in his brief filed herein, and says that the contention is that the order and decree in Massachusetts was not intended to be operative to diminish the accountability of the executors and trustees to the District of Columbia court. But we do not so interpret the proceedings. The account was filed in the Massachusetts court; and, the record recites, was examined and considered by the court and duly allowed. This order, read in connection with the rulеs of the Massachusetts court set out at the head of the account, stating the authority of the court to allow reasonable expenses and compensation, shows that it was the intention of the Probate Court to make an allowance including such expenses and compensation. Apart from the concession of the jurisdiction here made, we have no doubt that the Massachusetts court, on the presentation of the will, had the right to determine its jurisdiction to receive and probate the same, and upon ordering the property turned over to. the trustees appointed in the District of Columbia, to settle the account and fix the compensation of the executors and order the' balance turned over to the trustees. True, the Massachusetts court held, in the case of Dallinger v. Richardson, 176 Massachusetts, 77, supra, that Richardson was not a resident of Massachusetts. In the course of the opinion in that case, the court points out that, for the purpose of the tax question, the matter of residence was not foreclosed by the adjudication of the Probate Court, whether in accordance with the truth or not.

It is well settled that the decree of the court which has acquired jurisdiction of an estate and settled an account cannot be collaterally аttacked, Jenison v. Hapgood, 7 Pickering 1, 7. In that case it was held that what assets came into the executor’s hands, what debts he had paid, and so of every matter properly done or cognizable in the Probate Court, the judgment of that court is conclusive. See also Abbott v. Bradstreet, 3 Allen, 587. There was no attempt to probate the will in the District of Columbia, in which event the finding of ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‍the fact of domicile in the proceedings in Massachusetts would not have been conclusive here. Overby v. Gordon, 177 U. S. 214. The trustees were authorized to receive the assets from the executors. The Probate Court in Massachusetts, and no other court, had, authority to settle the executors’ accounts and determine their'compensation. Vaughan v. Northup, 15 Pet. 1. We cannot agree with counsel for the appellant that the order of the Probate Court was based upon consent only, and that this is a case for the application of the rule that the trustees’ consent to such a decree cannot work to the prejudice of the beneficiaries of the trust. Whether the guardian might give such consent, we do not find it necessary to decide, for the decree shows that the account was presented, verified by the oath of the accountants, and that it was examined and considered by the court.

The next exception involves the allowance of' commissions on the notes purchased from Mr. Drury’s firm. The contention before the auditor was that one trustee had received compensation in connection with the handling of these investments, and that that should be taken into account. As to this exception, the auditor finds that “the fact clearly appears from the testimony that Arms & Drury as real estate brokers, made loans on trust notes, upon which loаns they were paid by the borrowers a commission ranging from one to two per cent., according to the circumstances of the'case, many-being building loans; that subsequently as notes of the trust estate were paid off Mr. Drury would reinvest the monies of the estate in trust notes held by Arms & Drury, paying the face value' and accrued interest on the notes so purchased.” As a matter of law, the auditor concluded: “No profit was madе by the firm of Arms & Drury on the sales of the notes to the trustees. ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‍. . . The transactions of Arms .& Drury with the trustees were in the regular course of their business, in which they had their own monies invested. They cost the estate not a penny more than if the transactions had been with some other firm or individual. If the firm of Arms & Drury, out of their own monies, made loans on promissory notes, upon which loans were paid by the borrower the customary brokerages, those were рrofits on their own funds, in which this estate could have no interest, and in which it could acquire no interest by reason of the subsequent purchase of those notes by the trustees for their real value, any more than could any of the purchasers of such notes from Arms & Drury claim such an interest. No charge of malfeasance or misfeasance is made against the trustees or that by reason of these transactions the trustees benefited in any mannеr out of the money of this estate. On the contrary, the relation of the firm of Arms & Drury to Drury and Maddox, trustees, benefited the estate, by enabling the trustees at all times to make immediate re-investment of its funds, without loss of income, and by enabling the trustees to at all times readily procure re-investments without payment of brokerage, a brokerage not uncommonly charged the lender for placing his money, as well as the borrower for рrocuring his loan .in times of stringency. The application of the well known rule in equity should rather, therefore, be in favor of the trustees than against them with respect to these transactions. The objection narrows itself to a claim that Drury by reason of his position as trustee, should in addition to the benefit of his valuable services, commercial knowledge, and business acumen, make the estate a gift of profits on his individual monies, to which the estate is in no wise entitled, and to which it could not make a semblance of reasonable claim, had the trustees been other than Drury or the agents of the estate been other than Arms and Drury.” This view seems to have met with the approval of the Supreme Court, and a like view was taken by the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, (37 D. C. App. 519, supra).

It is a well settled rule that a trustee can make no profit out of his trust. The rule in such cases springs from his duty to protect the interests of the estate, and not to permit his personal interest to in any wise conflict with his duty in that respect. The intention is to provide against any possible selfish interest exercising an influence which can interfere with the faithful discharge of the duty which is owing in a fiduciary capacity. “It therefore prohibits a party from purchasing on his own account that which his duty or trust requires him to sell on аccount of another, and from purchasing on account of another that which he sells on his own account. In effect, he is not allowed to unite the two opposite characters of buyer and seller, because his interests, when he is the seller or buyer on his own account, are directly conflicting with those of the person on whose account he buys or sells." Michoud v. Girod, 4 How. 503, 555.

It makes no difference that the estate was not a loser in the transaction or that the commission was no more than the services were reasonably worth. It is the relation of the trustee to the estate which prevents his dealing in such way as to make a personal profit for himself. The findings show that the firm of which Mr. Drury was a member, in making the loans evidenced by these notes, was allowed a commission of one to two per cent. This profit was in fact realized when the notes were turned over to the ‍‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​‌​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌​​‌​​​‍estate at face value and accrued interest. The value of the notes when they were turned over depended on the responsibility and security back of them. When the notes were sold to the estate it took the risk of payment without loss. While no wrong was intended, and none was in fact done to the estate, we think nevertheless that upon the principles governing the duty of a trustee, the contention that this profit could not be taken by Mr. Drury owing to his relation to the estate, should have been sustained.

We find no other error in the proceedings of the Court of Appeals, but for the reason last stated, its decision must be reversed, and the- cause remanded to that court with directions to remand the cause to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

Reversed.