4 N.H. 391 | Superior Court of New Hampshire | 1828
delivered the opinion of the court.
The provisions of the will of David M’Afee, which are recited in this case, are somewhat inartificially drawn.
The testator gave to his wife, a chattel interest in the two thirds of his estate which he devised to his daughters, and in terms, devised to his daughters their respective shares when they should arrive at the age of eighteen years.
Rut it is very clear, that if the daughters took any estate by virtue of the will, they took a vested estate of inheritance at the decease of the testator, subject to the chattel interest of their mother. 2 Atkins 304, Trodd v. Downes; Com. Dig. “ Devise” N 8; 9 East, 400, Doe v. Cundall; 14 East, 601, Doe v. Moore.
Power is given to the executors to sell the two thirds which are given to the daughters. But that could not have the effect to keep the estate from vesting in the devisees ; although it might vest subject to be divested by a due exercise of the power. 4 D. & E. 39, Doe v. Martin.
It is very clear, that Sally M’Afee became seized, on the death of her father, of an undivided third part of the estate, either by descent or by purchase, and that she died so seized ; and the questions are, whether the mother or the sister, is sole heir, or whether they are coheirs ?
The decision of these questions depends upon another question, and that is, whether the daughters took the estate by descent, or by purchase under the will ? For if they took by descent, as Sally died under the age of twenty-one years, her share, by the express words of the statute, went to her sister, the demandant.
But if they took by purchase under the will, then the mother took either the whole of Sally's estate, as sole heir, or one half, as coheir with the demandant, accord
It is a settled rule of law, that where the same estate is devised to the heir in quantity and quality, as he would have taken by descent, if there had been no demise, the devise is void, and the heir will take by descent. But where by the devise a different estate is given from that which the law would give, the will prevails. Coke Litt. 12, b, note 63; 1 Salk. 241, Clerk v. Smith; 3 Lev. 127, Hedger v. Rowe.
Thus if a man have only one son, his sole heir, and he devises to that son his estate in fee, the son will-take by descent, because the devise gives the same estate both in quantity and quality as the law would have given, and is "therefore void. But if he have more than one heir, and devises his estate to his heirs in fee, they will take by purchase under the will, whether the devise be made to them as joint tenants or tenants in common, because the 'totality of the estate given by the devise is different from the quality of the estate which the law would have given, they being coparceners by descent, but tenants in common or joint tenants by the devise. 1 Leonard, 112 & 315; Powell, on Devises, 284-292.
We are therefore of opinion, that Sally M’Afee tooas a purchaser under the will, and not by descent, and the question, to whom does her estate belong, must be settled by the statute of February 3, 1789, entitled “an act ordering the descent of intestate estates," &c. 1 N. H. Laws, 207.
This statute establishes two general rules-of soecession. When "any person dies seized of real éstate and : intestate. The first rule is, “ the same shall descend in equal shares among his children and such as legally represent such of them as may he dead."
The second ruléis, “ where there are no descendants the inheritance shall descend equally to the next of kin, in equal digit»-, and those who represent them."
I. No person shall be admitted as a legal representative of colaterals, beyond the degree of brother's and sister's children.
II. When any of the children of an intestate die before arriving at the age of twenty-one years, and unmarried, such deceased child's share shall descend among the surviving brothers and sisters, and such as represent them.
This exception can operate only in cases where the deceased child leaves a mother, and brothers or sisters.
In such a case, by the rule, the mother would take the estate of her deceased child as next of kin. but by this exception the share of the father's estate, which such child received, is to be distributed in the same manner, as it would have been, had the child died before the father. This exception applies only to estate which may have descended from the father.
III. when any of the children of an intestate die "after having arrived to the age of twenty one years, unmarried, and intestate in the life time of the mother, she shall inherit equally with every brother and sister." This exception applies only to estate coming by descent from the father, and the effect of it is this; by the rule, the mother as next kin would take the whole; the exception makes her inherit only equally with the brothers and sisters.
IV. When any person dies intestate after marriage, or arrival to twenty one years of age without lawful issue, leaving the father, the whole estate of such intestate shall go to the father.
The effect of this exception is to give to the father alone, what by the rule, would go to the father and mother as next of kin.
V. When any person dies intestate after marriage, or arrival to twenty one years of age without lawful issue, and leaving no father living, the mother shall be entitled to an equal share of the estate with the borthers and sisters of the intestate and their legal representatives.
Here, by the rule, the mother would take the whole as next kin, but the exception makes her inherit equally with the brothers and sisters.
In Massachusetts, where the general rules of; descent have always been the same'as in this state, an opinion is said to have prevailed upon a clause in their statute, containing exceptions to the general rule, substantially the same as the second and third exceptions in our statute of 1789, that the mother shall inherit equally with the brothers and sisters, in all cases, except where the share of a deceased child is given to the brothers and sisters. 12 Mass. Rep. 490, Sheffield v. Lovering.
But that opinion was founded upon the circumstance that those exceptions were a revision of a former stat* ute, to whose provisions, and the construction that had been put upon them, a tacit reference was supposed to have been had.
But the only rules of descent which had been prescribed by statute previous to the year 1789, in this state, were the same as the rules prescribed by the statute of that year, and to those rules there were only two exceptions, in substance the same as the two first exceptions in the statute of 1789. Prov. Laws, 104. The provisions of the elder statute cannot, therefore, throw any light upon that statute;
It is also worthy of remark, that such a construction, given to the third exception in that statute, would render nugatory the fifth exception in the same statute. :
We are, therefore, of opinion, that the sole heir of Sally M’Afee is her mother, and that there must be '
Judgment for the tenant.