60 Mo. App. 599 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1895
This is an action to recover damages for personal injuries. There was a trial and judgment for plaintiff for $2,500, and to reverse which defendant has appealed. The errors complained of arise out of the action of the trial court in the giving and refusing of instructions.
The defendant objects that the court erred in refusing to direct the jury that under the pleadings and evidence the plaintiff was not entitled to recover. The specific ground of the demurrer urged is that the statute did not impose upon defendant the duty of constructing and maintaining a crossing at the place where the injury occurred. It appears that a Mr. Franklin owns the farm through which defendant’s railway
Section 2611, Revised Statutes, requires, every railroad in this state “to erect and maintain lawful fences on the sides of the road when the same passes through, along or adjoining inclosed or cultivated lands, with openings and gates therein, to be hung and have latches or hooks so that they may be easily opened and shut at all necessary farm crossings of the road for the use of the proprietors or owners of the land adjoining such railroad, * * * and until fences, openings, gates and farm crossings * * * shall be made and maintained, such corporation shall be liable,” etc. etc. “After such fences, gates, farm crossings, * '* * shall be made and maintained, said corporation shall not be liable,” etc. “If any corporation aforesaid shall, after three months from the time of the completion of its road through or along the lands, fields or inclosures hereinbefore named, fail, neglect or refuse to erect or maintain in good condition any fence, openings, farm
By the terms employed in the first clause of the section quoted, it does not appear that the duty to erect and maintain “farm crossings” is expressly required, but it will be seen by reference to a further quoted clause, that for a failure to erect and maintain “farm crossings,” a certain liability is incurred. When we consider these two clauses, together with the penal clause just referred to, the conclusion can not be resisted that the duty to erect aqd maintain the crossings is imposed, by implication at least. The terms of this statute clearly evince such to be the legislative intent. It is susceptible of no other reasonable construction. A contrary construction would, in many material particulars, render the statute inoperative. We are of the opinion the statute imposed the duty to construct and maintain the crossing- in good condition. This accords with the ruling made by the St. Louis court of appeals in Sheridan v. Railroad, 56 Mo. App. 68.
The defendant next objects that the court erred in in its refusal to give defendant’s sixth instruction which, in effect, directed the jury that if plaintiff, before undertaking to pass the crossing with his load of hay, was aware of the condition of the same and the difficulty and danger in crossing there, in undertaking it, he assumed all the risk. The plaintiff insists there was no error in this, because knowledge of the defective condition of the crossing will not preclude a recovery by him, if he was exercising ordinary care while driv
Of course, if the plaintiff knew of the defective condition of the crossing and that it was dangerous to attempt to pass over it with his load of hay, and with such knowledge attempted the passage, he was guilty of such imprudence as would bar a recovery. In such case, he assumed the risk himself. He could not visit the consequences of his own foolhardiness on the defendant. Horton v. Ipswich, 12 Cush. 484; Wilson v. Charlestown, 8 Allen, 137; Farnum v. Concord, 2 N. H. 349; Falsom v. Underhill, 36 Vt. 580; Belton v. Baxter, 54 N. Y. 245; Bunker v. Covington, 69 Ind. 33; Schaefler v. Sandusky, 33 Ohio St. 246; Corbett v. Leavenworth, 27 Kan. 673. But this principle is inapplicable here, as has already been intimated, for the reason that there is no evidence that the plaintiff was aware of the danger incident to an attempt by Mm to drive Ms
The defendant further contends that the court should have given its seventh instruction, which, in substance, told the jury if the plaintiff knew of the defective condition of the crossing, and, with such knowledge, attempted to drive his loaded wagon over the same, he was not entitled to recover. As has already been stated in the previous paragraph, the mere fact that the plaintiff knew that the crossing was defective would not preclude recovery, unless the defect was of such nature as to render its use necessarily dangerous to a person ordinarily careful. His knowledge of the defect was entitled to consideration, as bearing on the issue of his own negligence, but it was not decisive of that issue. The defendant’s instructions was, therefore, properly refused.
The defendant’s further contention is that the court improperly refused an instruction asked by it, which directed the jury that “if the plaintiff was informed by defendant’s section foreman that if he '(plaintiff) would inform him (the section foreman) when he got ready to haul hay, he would put planks on the inside of the rails at the crossing, and that plaintiff did not inform him (the section foreman) when he got ready to haul his hay, but proceeded to haul it, and undertook to cross said track in the condition in which it was then, he could not recover.” It is not seriously controverted that this instruction does not state a correct proposition of law. It is the well settled law that where a railroad passes through the inclosed fields of the landowner, he may, as far as he is concerned, .waive the right to have the fences inclosing the right of way through his lands, and the gates therein at farm crossings, which the statute requires the railroad company,
The ground of objection upon which the instruction was refused, as appears from the memorandum of the judge who tried the case and signed the bill of exceptions, was that it was not authorized by the pleadings. The petition alleged that it was the duty .of defendant to maintain the crossing in a reasonably safe condition, and that this it had neglected to do, in consequence of which plaintiff received the injuries for which he sued. This allegation the answer met with a general denial. The plaintiff contends that the facts embraced in the assumption of this instruction should have been specially pleaded; that its theory is that of an estoppel, and that such a theory is inadmissible in the case under the general denial. It is to be observed that evidence was admitted without objection, which tended to show the facts upon which the instruction is based.
The defense set up is not the termination by subsequent occurrences of a once subsisting cause of action, but it is a denial that any cause of action ever came into existence in consequence of the arrangement which the evidence tends to show was entered into between plaintiff and defendant. The answer does not confess and avoid, but denies that the defendant owed
But, were the rule otherwise, the evidence of defendant was admitted on the trial without objection, as already stated, as if competent under the general denial, or as if specially pleaded. Such being the case, the instruction based upon the issue made at the trial by the conduct of the parties should, we think, have been given, even if the trial court did hold the defense was not sufficiently pleaded, since there was no question of
The defendant further complains that the damages are excessive. The instructions of the plaintiff in relation to the measure of damages, to the giving of which defendant duly excepted, advised the jury that in estimating the damages they might take into consideration only the nature and extent of plaintiff’s injuries, his bodily pain and suffering, if any, his expenses for medicines, and surgical treatment; also, whether his injuries were permanent, and if so, what, if any, disability he would necessarily suffer in the future by reason of his injuries, etc.
The criticism to which this instruction is subject is that it authorizes the jury to find what expenses, if any, the plaintiff had incurred for medicines, when there is no evidence in the record that he ever incurred any expense whatever on that account. In vain have we searched the record for evidence to justify a submission to the consideration of the jury of this item of damages. The jury had no basis upon which to form an estimate of the damages on that account. Such damages could not be allowed except upon proof. Damages of this kind were susceptible of proof with approximate accuracy and should not have been left to the conjecture of the jury. We can not tell to what extent the verdict may have been influenced by the vague estimates the jury may have placed upon the values concerning which there was no proof. So that
It follows from these considerations that the judgment of the circuit court must be reversed and cause remanded.