55 Ga. App. 573 | Ga. Ct. App. | 1937
Lead Opinion
The plaintiff brought suit against the defendant for damages on account of injuries alleged to have been sustained from the explosion of a bottle of coca-cola which, in the performance of his duties, he had placed in an ice-box in the restaurant of his employer. He alleged that the bottled drink had been obtained by his employer from the defendant, and that he placed the bottle in the ice-box in the usual and customary manner, and was free from negligence, and that the bottle was negligently carbonated, so that when its temperature was reduced 'by being placed in the ice-box the bottle exploded, and that if the carbonation had been regulated in accordance with the advertisement of the defendant that the beverage was harmless, the explosion would not have occurred. The defendant denied the material allegations of the petition, and charged that the injuries of the plaintiff were the result of 'his own negligence. By amendment- the plaintiff alleged that the bottle used was insufficient and contained thin places, so that it was not capable of withstanding, upon handling in a normal way, the pressure of the carbonating gas, and that if it had been suited to the purpose for which it was used, and had been in proper condition, a proper charge of carbonation would not have exploded the bottle. In the trial of the case the plaintiff relied on the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. The evidence is not here set out, but the main facts are discussed in the opinion. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff. The defendant filed a motion for new trial, and by amendment added a ground in elaboration of the general grounds. The court overruled the motion, and the defendant excepted.
The maxim res ipsa loquitur, as was said by Judge Hill in Cochrell v. Langley Manufacturing Co., 5 Ga. App. 317, 322 (63 S. E. 244), “has been a prolific inspiration to much useless and .wasted juridic erudition,” and it was added in the same case: “Practically, as we said in [Monahan v. National Realty Co.], 4 Ga. App. 680 (62 S. E. 127), the doctrine is simply a rule of evidence, which permits an inference to be drawn from proved facts. It furnishes a working basis for reasonable hypothetical conjecture, and gives scope for legitimate reasoning by the jury. The philosophy of the doctrine is stated in section 5157 of the Civil Code [Code of 1933, § 38-123]. ‘In arriving at a verdict, the jury, from facts proved, and sometimes from the absence of coun
The above would seem to make unnecessary any consideration of presumptions of law or of how they may be overcome, and to leave us to examine the present case with reference to the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur authorizing the jury to draw cm inference of negligence. In the Sinkovitz case, supra, which involved a suit brought by one not a servant of the defendant, Judge Russell, now Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of this State, said: “Upon the second appearance of the Chenall case in the Supreme Court (119 Ga. 837), the particular question involved was how far the application of the maxim res ipsa loquitur was affected by the fact that the plaintiff was a servant of the defendant, and thereby had assumed the risks incident to his employment and to the negligence of his fellow-servants. In so far as the opinion in the later case, delivered by Justice Cobb, appears to confine or limit the application of the maxim, it must be borne in mind that the lehrned judge was dealing only with that specific point. But there was no retraction or modification of the original holding (where the relation of master and servant does not exist), that ‘ordinarily, extraordinary and external causes may be treated as the exception, to be established by the defendant Judge Russell then laid down the burden which rests on the plaintiff, quoting from the Chenall case when it first appeared in the Supreme Court, 117 Ga. 109: “All that the plaintiff should be required to do in the first instance is to show that the defendant owned, operated, and maintained, or controlled and was responsible for the management and maintenance of the thing doing the damage; that the accident was of a kind which, in the absence of proof of some external cause, does not ordinarily happen without
But can the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur be applied in a case like the present one, where the injury is alleged to have been caused by the explosion of a bottle of carbonated beverage which was too highly charged with gas or too weak to stand a normal pressure ? It is true that in other jurisdictions the decided weight of authority is to the effect that the maxim res ipsa loquitur is
In Atlanta Coca-Cola Bottling Co. v. Danneman, supra, it was held: “But where the event is unusual and extraordinary in its nature, and there is nothing to indicate an external cause, but the peculiar character of the accident is sufficient within itself to indicate that it must have been brought about by negligence on the part of some one, and where the most reasonable and probable inference which can be rationally drawn from the happening of such an event is that it would not and could not have taken place had not the person charged with furnishing or maintaining the instru
Great stress is laid by the defendant on the fact that the bottles were purchased from an efficient and reputable manufacturer; but the best of bottles will naturally explode from super earbonation. To prevent that eventuality, proper machinery is necessary, and likewise adequate inspection is necessary; and yet there is nothing in the record which shows any inspection at any time of the device upon which so much depended. In the absence of any information on that subject, and from the admission of the defendant’s general manager, the jury could reasonably have inferred that the plaintiff had been injured by the explosion of a bottle which had been filled and carbonated at a time when the automatic device, so called, was clogged, and when an excess of gas was introduced with water into the bottle, or that the bottle was weak and insufficient to withstand a normal and proper pressure. Because of the above facts, as shown by the record, we are of the opinion that the jury was authorized to apply the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, to find that the plaintiff was free from fault, that no external cause of the operation was shown, that no intermediaries had handled the bottle from the time it left the possession of the defendant, and that the defendant did not show that it was not its negligence that caused the explosion, or that it was due to vis major or causes for which it was not responsible. Accordingly, the verdict will not be disturbed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. Eobert L. Crane sued the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Company for damages, alleging substantially that it was engaged in bottling coca-cola, buying syrup, bottling the drink and furnishing the same to the general public, claiming it to be a harmless beverage; that on or about August 7, 1935, defendant sold a number of cases of bottled coca-cola to Ben F. Lyles, the operator of a restaurant in Macon, Ga.'; that plaintiff was an employee of Lyles in said restaurant; that the coca-cola supplied to Lyles was not cooled, and it was necessary to take the bottles from the cases and place them in an ice-box; that as plaintiff, in pursuance of his duties as an employee, was taking bottles of coca-cola from the crates in which they were delivered to the restaurant and putting them into an ice-box, a bottle which he was handling in a careful manner exploded and injured him; that the defendants’ process of bottling was to place a quantity of syrup and water in each bottle and charge the mixture with carbonic acid gas for the purpose of producing an effervescence; that the bottle which exploded was prepared and furnished by the defendant to the restaurant, and was so highly charged with the gas by the defendant as to cause the explosion; that if the bottle had been properly charged the explosion would not have occurred; that plaintiff did nothing whatever to cause the explosion; that plaintiff is not in position to know or charge just how the carbonic acid gas was placed in the bottle or the quantity of gas used, but that if said bottle had been properly charged so as to render the bottle and its contents a refreshing and harmless beverage, the explosion would not have occurred; and that the bottle was one belonging to the defendant and designed in the exclusive right of the defendant. By amendment the plaintiff added to his petition the following paragraphs: “ The bottle hereinbefore referred to, which was by the defendant filled with coca-cola syrup and carbonated, was insufficient and contained thin places, so that it was not capable of withstanding, upon handling in a normal way, the pressure of the carbonating gas. Petitioner alleges that the defendant was negligent in using and distributing to its customers, to be by said customers dispensed to consumers, a bottle which was not sufficient to withstand proper and expected handling without being
The portion of the plaintiff’s testimony material for this discussion was as follows: “On August 7, 1935, I was employed by Ben 3?. Lyles’ restaurant in Macon. My duties were to put coca-colas or any kind of cold drinks in this tub. . . On the date I mentioned I had put the bottles on ice, as was my duty, at about nine o’clock in the morning. I should say the cases were about two or three feet from the ice-box. . . The case of coca-cola . . was put in there the day before this accident occurred, Tuesday or Monday, I don’t know exactly which. In transferring these bottles of coca-cola from the case to the ice-box I was taking them by hand . . out of the crate, sit them over on the table, and put them down in the water. The tub contained ice and water. A bottle exploded while I was doing that. In transferring that particular bottle . . to the ice-box I did not knock that bottle against any piece of ice or any other bottle. . . I put the bottle in the ice-box, -laid it down, put my hand back on the lid to close the lid, and it said ‘bow’ and hit me in the eye. The bottle exploded and bursted all to pieces. . . That case of coca-cola came from the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Co. . . There -was nothing to indicate to me that there was anything the matter with this bottle or why it should explode. I didn’t look for it. I did nothing out of the ordinary to cause this bottle to explode. I just put them in the ice-box just like I always did, just as easy as I could. I reached down and got a handful of bottles and put them into the box. I did pick up three or four bottles with one hand. I did not have any in my hands when the explosion occurred. I had finished putting them in the box, and was fixing to' close the lid. I did not save the pieces of that bottle.
O. O. Beasley testified for the defendant, in brief: “I am employed by the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Company, and have been so employed for twelve years in the capacity of salesman. . . This truck is loaded with my colored help at the plant. There is no opportunity for any one to tamper with these bottles in any manner from the time they leave the plant until the time they are delivered to the customer. There was no unusual handling on my truck during August of last year that would cause the bottles to be affected in any way unduly. In the restaurant . . Mr. Lyles keeps the cases of coca-cola on the right side under the counter as you go in,' near the kitchen. ’ I would say the ice-box is about six or seven feet from the partition which divides the ■restaurant proper from the kitchen end. My best estimate is it is just six or seven feet from the ice-box to the partition.”
W. T. Williford, testified for the defendant, in brief: “I am general manager of the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Company,- and am secretary and treasurer in charge of the plant. Our bottles are purchased from the Chattanooga Glass. Company, Chattanooga, Tennessee. The concern is about thirty or forty years old, and is a reputable concern. I have nothing to do with designing the bottles. I think they were designed fifteen years ago. It is the same bottles used by all bottlers of coca-cola, with the exception of one other plant in Greenville, S. C. With that exception the specifications for all coca-cola bottles are the same throughout the United States. The specifications are as follows: it is a six and one half ounce bottle, height seven and three quarter inches, and the diameter in minimum is two and one eighth inches and maximum a two and three thirty-seconds, I believe, diameter; it contains fourteen ormces of glass, that is the weight of the bottle for standard specifications, and are the specifications by which we ordered bottles from the Chattanooga Glass Company. These bot-
“The empty bottle . . is an odd shape. The bottle is patented, and must be made by specifications in Washington by some
George Clark testified for the defendant, in substance as follows: “I am in charge of the weather bureau in Macon. On August 7, 1935, from 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. the hourly temperature readings are 76, 75, 78, 80, 85, 88.10, 91, 93 at noon. The machine recording this temperature is a sheltered house on the roof of the post-office building, and is in the shade. The temperature
R. L. Rankin, testified for the defendant, in substance: “I am employed as superintendent of the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Company, where I have been employed in this capacity for seven or eight years. Prior to that time I was employed by the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Company. Altogether I have been with them twenty-three years. As superintendent I am in charge of supervising the operations connected with the bottling of coca-cola. When the bottles are received they are taken from the train . . and laid on a table, . . where the empty bottles are inspected before they even go into the washing-machine. They go into number one tank after leaving there; with anywhere from a hundred and ten to a hundred and twenty degree temperature. This tank contains a solution of caustic soda with water; and they go from there to number two tank with about four per cent, caustic soda with a hundred and forty to a hundred and forty-five degree temperature, and out they go into number three tank which is plain water at a hundred and ten degrees. After passing out of number three tank they go on to the rinsing spindle which rinses bottles with water on the outside. Then they go on a set of spray tubes which spray water on the inside of the bottles and then go on to twenty-four spindles with brushes, where they are brushed on the inside with water. After leaving the brushes they go on to two more tubes of spraying water that shoots up into the bottle, and then it is discharged under two sixty-watt bulbs to be inspected empty as they are discharged. If a bottle had a crack or defect in the glass it would break on being immersed in these hot solutions of caustic soda and being brushed out with various brushes and washed out with these various tubes. If it did not
“In making carbonated water, . . plain water . . comes . . down to the carbonator downstairs, where it is mixed with the gas and water and the gas goes into it, and this water goes into the machine from a spray and gets the mixture with the gas and water. The gas comes from the gas drums into this machine. We do not manufacture this gas, but buy it from the Crystal Carbonic Company in Atlanta. . . When the filler takes charge of carbonated water and gas it automatically cuts off from the mixing machine to the filler until the water level is dropped down to a certain height where it will automatically take on another charge. Coca-cola is bottled at about 40 degrees Fahrenheit. The pressure of the carbonator is approximately around 48 pounds. The machine that puts the syrup in has nothing to do with the machine that puts in the water. The syrup tank is this machine with sixteen valves on it. . . At the time the carbonated water is being put into the bottles it is under pressure, which is taken off after the carbonated water is put in and before it is capped. This is a low-pressure machine. From the time the carbonated water is put in until the time the bottle is capped, it is under pressure in the filling machine. For the distance of
“The water in the bottle is carbonated with an ounce of syrup, and this mixing machine turns the bottle upside down and mixes it with the water to get the syrup and water mixed together. . . The pressure on the gas-drum varies -a point or two; but if the pressure on the gas and water is about 50 pounds when it goes into the filling-machine, it will blow out gaskets, and the stuff will shoot out. I have seen this happen. Sometimes the regulators have got safety-devices on them, and we have got a safety-valve on top in case the machines get overcharged; instead of building up pressure, it would be decreasing on account of this valve blowing off on top. That regulator regulates the gas in the gas-drum. I have never seen it blow out. It is the mixing of that water and the gas together that will vary just a little bit. Just the agitation it gets in there, and that creates a greater pressure than just the gas itself; . . just running gas into water will have more pressure than the gas being agitated. It is the gas that causes the pressure. . . When these bottles are filled and capped they are then inspected by being placed under a neon light, which is on a conveyor; this neon inspection has a hood over here with those neon lights across here. The inspector stands behind the lights. The bottles move at the rate of about ninety-four bottles a minute. One purpose of the inspection is to see whether the bottles are properly filled. There are forty valves on the filling-machine; and if the valve gets a little out of whack, it will allow a bottle to go through without being filled, or to fill too much. When this happens we take these bottles out. These two bottles
Two witnesses for the plaintiff testified that each heard a coca-cola bottle explode without having been hit against anything.
Cliff Bowden, testified for the defendant, in brief: “I am employed by the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Company, and have been in the bottling business 37 years the 22nd of last month. . . I have been in my present position over 18 years, and it is my duty to help in the bottling of coca-cola. . . The bottles are brought into the plant on trucks. . . These bottles are loaded on a conveyor chain holding 144 bottles. It is continuously being set at all times, because machinery moves up a space and then stops. On this conveyor chain these bottles are placed in rotation, twelve bottles in a row on the chain run by machinery. This carriage chain moves a space, and raises those bottles up; it is continually going by; and then when these bottles raise a certain height on a machine in the carriage chain, it comes in contact with water. That water shoots in all twelve of the bottles from a reservoir, and when the chain moves into that certain space that reservoir shoots into them. As the chain moves from the reservoir they go
Dr. Henry Bogers,. testified for the defendant: '“I am . . professor of physics at Mercer University. . . At Mr. Popper’s [defendant’s counsel] request I have had occasion within the last week or so to inspect the plant of the Macon Coca-Cola Bottling Company, and have familiarized myself with the machinery there and with the formulas for making glass. I am somewhat familiar with the glass manufacturing business, from a theoretical study from text-books, and am familiar with the effects of pressure on glass bottles, brought about from filling bottles with carbonated water, from laboratory experience. I made a particular examination of the machinery of the Macon Coca-Cola plant that is used in making carbonated. water and the other machinery that puts the carbonated water into the bottle. Glass does not become weak from age, unless it is subjected to some sort of force or unless given chemical treatment; normally it does not. A glass bottle ten years old will be just as good as a new bottle, provided it had not been struck or cracked in any way. I have tested the thickness, height, and effect of temperature on coca-cola bottles in the laboratory. A bottle of that character which is filled with coca-cola syrup, carbonated water at 35 and 40 degrees Fahrenheit ’under a pressure of 35 pounds, is not in any way dangerous.- In my opinion if there was a crack or defect in the bottle under the type of manufacture and glass, it would break either when it was first filled or when it was capped and the capping process was put on. . . At the plant . . they use carbonic acid gas under very high pressure, which is admitted by valve into a machine which is called a saturator or mixer. At the same time the water is put in under high pressure, and the gauge will register up to exactly 300 pounds as the maximum limit on that gauge. They run in the plant around'50 pounds or under pressure at the gas, and 50 pounds or under at the mixer, where the gas is mixed with the water shooting in under pressure. You have then, instead of carbonated gas and water, carbonic acid or H2C03. . . The filling-machine has a gauge on it, which I examined. The purpose of that gauge is to check the pressure of the admitted carbonic acid you get into the bottle, so it will not enter at high pressure, and you will fill your bottle uniformly, and they have a rub
“I made a pressure test with a pressure gauge on a bottle of coca-cola, and the pressure shown was 35 pounds, which is sufficient to break the bottle if it had a crack in it, immediately after the crack occurred. The bottle is supposed to average in thickness throughout a quarter of an inch, and is an average diameter at the bottom of two and one half inches. It does not vary more than one sixty-fourth of an inch at any point, and averages a quarter of an inch from top to bottom. . . A sudden change on the temperature of glass is due to the fact that by each degree rise in temperature you have eight and one third pounds pressure due to the expansion in the glass. . . I picked up five bottles.' Only one of the five bottles broke at the temperature of 90 degrees, and the highest was 105. . . The bottle broke at a point 90 degrees above 32 degrees Fahrenheit, which would be 122 degrees. . . The tensile strength of this type of glass is 3000 pounds per square inch. The better type is 4000 pounds. . . If you raise that bottle to 85 degrees and then immerse it in ice water 32 degrees, you would submit that bottle to a change in temperature of 53 degrees. Multiplying that by eight and one third pounds, you would have a forced pressure on that bottle of 442 pounds. If the pressure inside, 45 pounds, adding the two would give you 487 pounds pressure on that bottle at that time, and the bottle will stand 750 pounds. . . A sudden change in temperature on glass has the effect of a sudden change by submitting the glass to eight and one third pounds per square inch for each degree rising temperature or falling. One would -be an expansion force, and one would be a contraction force. All bottles are not built
“Prior to ten days ago I knew nothing about this machinery. The pressure I spoke of was the pressure they used on the days I was there. . . With an equal amount of carbonation, which would have the higher pressure, a bottle that is filled like that one or v bottle filled like this one, would depend on the glass you have. If the bottles had the same pressure of gas it would make no difference, because as the pressure becomes greater and greater the carbonic acid is forced back into the liquid. The weaknesses in a bottle that would cause explosion is overheating and possibly a crack in the glass, or it was worn down there; its tensile strength would decrease in proportion as the thickness of the glass is diminished. The thinnest part of the bottle would not be the same oar any bottle; for no bottle would be exactly like the other. . . Caustic soda is a chemical if mixed with a solution. . . The more it is used, the more it affects the bottle. If you take a bottle of coca-cola at 89 degrees under a 35 to 50 pounds pressure on the inside and insert it in either ice water or place it in an ice-box on top of ice, without anything between that bottle and
Robert Crane, the plaintiff, recalled, testified: “I testified this morning that the ice-box was four or five feet from the partition that separates the restaurant proper from the kitchen. I measured with a yardstick, and it is about eleven feet. It is about fourteen feet from that partition to the range.”
The question to be decided is whether the rule of res ipsa loquitor would be applicable as a final proposition, in view of the uncontradicted evidence of the defendant negativing negligence on its part or showing that the injury could reasonably have occurred without its negligence. While I seriously doubt the applicability of the rule in this case, even to the extent of supporting a prima facie case, for the reason that it is easily conceivable that the explosions of bottles generally in isolated cases are not due to the negligence of either the manufacturer of the bottle or the dealer handling the bottle in the manufacture and sale of drinks in which the bottle is used, a discussion of its applicability as a final basis for the jury to base a verdict oil will suffice for the purposes of this case. It will be well at the outset to determine just what the act of negligence is for which recovery is sought in the case. In the original petition the plaintiff alleged:
The propriety of the prima facie application of the rule of res ipsa loquitur must be determined by the specific act or acts of negligence alleged in the petition. The same is true as to its final application. Palmer Brick Co. v. Chenall, 119 Ga. 847 (supra). The authority for the application of the rule in Georgia is in the Code, § 38-123, which is: “In arriving at a verdict, the jury from facts proved, and sometimes from the absence of counter-evidence, may infer the existence of other facts reasonably and logically consequent on those proved.” There seems to me to be a distinction between a prima facie and a final application of the
I recognize the distinction between the presumption of negligence against a railroad company arising on proof of certain injuries, and the rule of res ipsa loquitur. Were it not for the presumption in many cases the rule of res ipsa loquitur would not apply, because the nature of the accident and the attendant circumstances do not exclude every reasonable hypothesis other than the negligence of the defendant; for, after all, the rule of res ipsa loquitur is but a rule of circumstantial evidence. As Judge Cobb said, in Palmer Brick Co. v. Chenall, 119 Ga. 837, the rule is of slight value in any case, and it should be applied with great caution. Part of the weakness in the presumption against railroad companies inheres in the res ipsa loquitur rule, and the same reasoning which led to the overthrow of the former except as a prima facie substitute for evidence (W. & A. Railroad v. Henderson, 279 U. S. 639, 49 Sup. Ct. 445, 73 L. ed. 884), prevents the final application of the rule of res ipsa loquitur in certain cases. In other words, the law says that the proof of an unusual occurrence in certain instances is sufficient to prove that the mere accident under the circumstances amounts to proof that there is no reasonable explanation except the negligence of the defendant. If the defendant then shows by positive, uncontradicted evidence that he was not negligent, or explains by the same kind of evidence that the injury could reasonably have occurred in one or more ways than having been caused by his negligence, and the plaintiff introduces no more evidence (which would render the rule inapplicable in itself), still to permit the rule to be applied would run into the teeth of the logic, reason, and compelling authority which has declared that _ such an application is arbitrary and unreasonable. In this case the defendant showed (1) that it exercised ordinary care in purchasing bottles suitable for the purpose for which they were intended, (2) from a reputable bottle manufacturer; (3) that it exercised ordinary care in testing and inspecting its new and old bottles, and threw out the ones found to be defective; (4) that it exercised ordinary care in so bottling
The testimony of Dr. Eogers seems to be emphasized by counsel for the defendant in error and the majority opinion. Dr. Eogers swore that if the bottle broke under circumstances embraced in a hypothetical questioú which covered the conditions in this case, it was due to a weak bottle or an overcharge of gas. It was evidently overlooked that he also testified that bottles were weakened by knocks, etc., and that the plaintiff might have done the remaining damage to the bottle needed to weáken it to the breaking point by striking it against the bottles the plaintiff picked up with one hand together with the bottle which burst. Even if that is not so, a weak bottle does not necessarily mean that the defendant was negligent. All it has to do is show its ordinary care in trying to find the weak bottle and throw it out, either when it was new or after it had been used. Then there is the testimony of Mr. Williford, which is stressed in the majority opinion. He swore that the gas-charging machine was set to diffuse all surplus gas into the air, but on cross-examination he swore that there was a slight possibility that the machine might
My conclusion in this case is consistent with the weight of authority on the question; and without discussing the cases in detail, I shall simply cite some of them. Guinea v. Campbell, 22 Quebec Law R. 257; Glaser v. Seitz, 35 Misc. 341 (71 N. Y. Supp.