IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTHERN DIVISION

NO. 7:24-CV-992-FL

MARSHALL MACKLER, HILARY )
MACKLER, and ARI FUCHS, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) ORDER
)
SME, INC. USA; DAVID L. ROUEN, JR.; )
and DAVID L. ROUEN, III, )
)
Defendants. )

This matter is before the court upon plaintiffs’ motion to remand and for fees (DE 21).
Also pending are defendants’ motions to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)
and for costs (DE 8, 10). For the following reasons, plaintiffs’ motion is granted.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Plaintiffs initiated the case in New Hanover County Superior Court October 3, 2024,
asserting the following six claims for relief, all under North Carolina law: 1) breach of fiduciary
duty, 2) constructive fraud, 3) declaratory judgment, 4) breach of contract, 5) unjust enrichment,
and 6) tortious interference with contract. Plaintiffs seek declaratory judgment, damages,
attorneys’ fees, and costs. Defendants removed the action to this court October 18, 2024.
This dispute between the parties has a prior history, which is important to plaintiffs’ motion
to remand. Plaintiffs first brought the same claims, plus two other state law claims, against
defendants in a civil action filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania in 2023 (the “prior action”). On January 24, 2024, defendants moved to transfer that
prior action to this court. After hearing, that court entered order granting the transfer motion
August 8, 2024. That prior action was assigned docket number 5:24-cv-457-FL in this district.
Defendants then moved to dismiss that prior action August 30, 2024. Before any ruling on that
motion, plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their prior action October 3, 2024, then refiled six of the
same claims in the instant action in New Hanover County Superior Court the next day.

After removal, defendants filed the instant motions October 23, 2024. Plaintiffs’ motion
to remand followed on the docket October 25, 2024. The same day, plaintiffs moved to expedite
briefing on their motion to remand, and to stay briefing on defendants’ motions pending this court’s
decision on remand. The court granted that motion and stayed briefing on defendants’ motion
October 25, 2024. (See DE 23). Briefing on defendants’ motions has remained stayed through
the present.
In support of the instant motion to remand, plaintiffs rely upon service documentation and
correspondence between counsel. In opposition, defendants rely upon correspondence between
counsel and the contracts at issue in the underlying claims. Plaintiffs replied in support of their

motion.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
The facts alleged in the complaint are as follows. Plaintiffs are all citizens of Pennsylvania,
who were principals or employees of defendant SME, Inc. USA (“SME”). (Compl. (DE 1-6) ¶¶
1–6). SME is a North Carolina corporation, and defendants David L. Rouen, Jr. and David L.
Rouen, III are officers thereof. (Id. ¶¶ 8–14).
Plaintiff Marshall Mackler entered into an oral business agreement in 1992 with non-party
David Rouen, Sr. (“Rouen Sr.”), under which Marshall Mackler and defendants agreed to develop
the business entity that became SME, to split profits, and to honor various other provisions about
expenses and investment. (Id. ¶¶ 19–25). Rouen Sr. and Marshall Mackler memorialized the oral
agreement in writing in December, 1992 (the “agreement”). (Id. ¶ 26). In 1995, defendants
approached plaintiff Marshall Mackler’s daughter, plaintiff Hilary Mackler, with an offer to
become a partner in defendant SME, which she accepted. (Id. ¶ 53–54). “Sometime” after 1997,
plaintiff Hilary Mackler visited Rouen Sr.’s home in North Carolina, and saw “two enormous Nazi

flags” there, one with a “large swastika,” the other with “the SS insignia.” (See id. ¶¶ 60, 67–69).
On a separate trip to North Carolina, defendant David L. Rouen, Jr., who is Rouen Sr.’s son, led
plaintiff Marshall Mackler to view these flags to “gauge Marshall’s reaction[.]” (Id. ¶ 72).
Plaintiff Marshall Mackler believed that defendant David L. Rouen, Jr., was “proud of the display.”
(Id.). David L. Rouen, Jr., had also made other “off the cuff anti-Semitic remarks” in the past. (Id.
¶ 73). Plaintiffs are Jewish, and so became concerned that David L. Rouen, Jr., and his family
subscribed to “anti-Semi[tic] and neo-Nazi” beliefs. (Id.).
Despite these concerns, defendant SME grew “exponentially” between 1998 and 2014. (Id.
¶ 74). But beginning in “1998 or 1999,” defendant David L. Rouen, Jr., made numerous

operational changes and demands of the Macklers that contradicted and violated the agreement.
(See id. ¶¶ 82–101).1 Plaintiffs allege that defendant David L. Rouen III “routinely makes openly
anti-Semitic remarks towards Hilary,” and that defendants are attempting to “force [plaintiffs] out
of [SME], at least in part, because they are Jewish.” (Id. ¶¶ 102–08). Defendants’ alleged
violations of the agreement continued after 2013. (Id. ¶¶ 109–25).
In 2018, plaintiff Ari Fuchs began working for defendant SME. (Id. ¶ 126). Plaintiffs
allege that defendants continued their pattern of violating the agreement and reducing plaintiffs’

1 Because the court grants the motion to remand and does not reach the merits of the claims, this recounting of
the parties’ contract and the alleged improprieties is abbreviated.
compensation, then also targeting Ari Fuchs, through 2023. (Id. ¶¶127–64). SME terminated
plaintiffs without notice or cause in December, 2023. (Id. ¶ 175). Plaintiffs allege that this
overarching pattern was not for any proper business purpose, but to benefit defendants improperly
at plaintiffs’ expense, and out of animus and personal hostility. (Id. ¶ 177).
COURT’S DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

In any case removed from state court, “[i]f at any time before final judgment it appears that
the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded.”

28 U.S.C. § 1447

(c).2  “The burden of establishing federal jurisdiction is placed upon the party seeking 
removal.”  Mulcahey v. Columbia Organic Chems. Co.,

29 F.3d 148

, 151 (4th Cir. 1994).  
“Because removal jurisdiction raises significant federalism concerns, [the court] must strictly 
construe removal jurisdiction.”  Id.  “If federal jurisdiction is doubtful, a remand is necessary.”  
Id.; see Palisades Collections LLC v. Shorts,

552 F.3d 327, 336

 (4th Cir. 2008) (recognizing the 
court’s “duty to construe removal jurisdiction strictly and resolve doubts in favor of remand”). 
B.   Analysis                                                             
    1.   Motion to Remand                                                
    The parties join battle on two issues: whether plaintiffs waived the protections of the 
forum-defendant rule either 1) through their litigation conduct, and/or 2) through contract.   
    The forum-defendant rule is codified at

28 U.S.C. §1441

(b)(2).  It provides that a civil 
action, that is otherwise removable solely on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, may not be removed 
if any properly joined and served defendant is a citizen of the state in which the action is brought.

Id.

                                                                       


2    Internal citations and quotation marks are omitted from all citations unless otherwise specified. 
    Plaintiffs allege in their pleading, and assert in their briefing, that they are all citizens of 
Pennsylvania and all defendants are citizens of North Carolina, and that all defendants were 
properly joined and served.  All claims in this action arise under state law, so this court has subject-
matter jurisdiction solely through diversity of the parties.  (See Compl. ¶¶ 179–218).  The forum-
defendant rule therefore applies by its plain terms, which defendants do not dispute.  Rather, they 

oppose remand on various theories of waiver.                              
    The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has not addressed whether the 
forum-defendant rule is jurisdictional or not.  However, nine of the other federal courts of appeal 
have held that it is merely a procedural rule which a plaintiff can waive or forfeit.3  District courts 
within this circuit therefore generally apply this approach.  See, e.g., Medish v. Johns Hopkins 
Health Sys. Corp.,

272 F. Supp. 3d 719, 724

 (D. Md. 2017); Councell v. Homer Laughlin China 
Co.,

823 F. Supp. 2d 370, 378

 (N.D.W. Va. 2011); Ada Liss Grp. v. Sara Lee Branded Apparel, 
No. 106cv610,

2007 WL 634083

, at *4 (M.D.N.C. Feb. 26, 2007).  This uniform authority is highly 
persuasive, and it thus appears that, if faced with the issue before this court, the Fourth Circuit 

would hold the forum-defendant rule is merely procedural and may be waived.   
    With these preliminary conclusions in mind, the court turns to defendants’ various theories 
of waiver.                                                                
         a.   Bad Faith Litigation Tactics                               
    Defendants argue that plaintiffs’ actions of voluntarily dismissing their first suit then 
refiling in state court constitute bad faith litigation tactics that waive the forum-defendant rule.   


3    Farm Constr. Servs., Inc. v. Fudge,

831 F.2d 18

, 21–22 (1st Cir. 1987); Handelsman v. Bedford Village 
Associates Ltd. P’Ship,

213 F.3d 48

, 50 n.2 (2d Cir. 2000); Blackburn v. United Parcel Serv., Inc.,

179 F.3d 81

, 90 
n.3 (3d Cir. 1999); In re Shell Oil Co.,

932 F.2d 1518, 1523

 (5th Cir. 1991); Handley-Mack Co. v. Godchaux Sugar 
Co.,

2 F.2d 435, 437

 (6th Cir. 1924); Hurley v. Motor Coach Indus., Inc.,

222 F.3d 377, 380

 (7th Cir. 2000); Lively 
v. Wild Oats Markets, Inc.,

456 F.3d 933, 939

 (9th Cir. 2006); Am. Oil Co. v. McMullin,

433 F.2d 1091

, 1093–94 
(10th Cir. 1970); Pacheco de Perez v. AT&T Co.,

139 F.3d 1368

, 1372 n.4 (11th Cir. 1998).   
    The court does not agree.                                            
    Defendants  cite, and the court’s research has revealed, no binding authority for the 
proposition defendants advance.  The non-binding cases defendants rely upon involved very 
different scenarios from what occurred here.                              
    One case, for example, concluded that a party could waive the forum-defendant rule by 

joining an irrelevant party in bad faith solely to destroy complete diversity.  See Billie v. Vallance, 
No. RDB-21-0477,

2021 WL 3725348

, at *3 (D. Md. Aug. 23, 2021).  Defendants do not argue 
this occurred here.  This reasoning also appears to be an outgrowth of fraudulent joinder doctrine.  
This doctrine permits a federal court to assume jurisdiction, dismiss a non-diverse party joined 
solely to defeat federal jurisdiction, and thereby cure and retain diversity jurisdiction.  See Hartley 
v. CSX Transp., Inc.,

187 F.3d 422

, 424 (4th Cir. 1999).  No fraudulent joinder has occurred here.  
    Another case involved so-called “snap removal,” in which a defendant removes a suit 
before being served, thereby evading the forum-defendant rule by defeating its requirement that a 
forum resident defendant be properly served.4  See In re Sorin 3T Heater-Cooler Sys. Prods. 

Liability Litig., No. 1:18-MD-2816,

2021 WL 5447098

, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Nov. 22, 2021).  Again, 
no “snap removal” occurred here.                                          
    Two other cases which defendants cite involved waiver through active participation in 
substantive litigation before the federal court.  See Bearden v. PNS Stores, Inc.,

894 F. Supp. 1418, 1424

 (D. Nev. 1995); Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co. for Soundview Home Loan Tr. 2005-4, Asset-
Backed Certificates, Series 2005-4 v. Murphy, No. 17-cv-470,

2017 WL 6493147

, at *1–2 (N.D. 



4    The validity of “snap-removal” is widely debated and the subject of circuit and intra-circuit splits.  This brief 
summary of the practice is not a comment on its propriety, but merely necessary background to the court’s analysis of 
defendants’ argument.                                                     
Okla. Dec. 19, 2017).  This principle is inapplicable here.  Plaintiffs immediately sought a stay 
upon removal and have diligently litigated their remand motion.           
    Defendants’ final argument on this point is an appeal to general principles of fairness.  The 
court perceives no inequitable conduct by plaintiffs.  A voluntary dismissal is not inequitable or 
improper simply because the plaintiff may file a second suit, or because a plaintiff prefers state 

courts, even if such dismissal would grant the plaintiff a tactical advantage.  See Davis v. USX 
Corp.,

819 F.2d 1270, 1275

 (4th Cir. 1987).                               
    Plaintiffs therefore have not waived the forum-defendant rule through any bad faith 
litigation tactics or other inequitable conduct.                          
         b.   Contract                                                   
    Defendants also argue that plaintiffs waived the forum-defendant rule through a forum-
selection clause in the contracts at issue in plaintiffs’ claims.  This argument does not succeed 
either.                                                                   
    The plain language of the forum-selection clauses supports plaintiffs here.  The contracts 

provide that any claim arising thereunder shall be instituted in “the Superior Court in New Hanover 
County, North Carolina or the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North 
Carolina.”  (Defs’ Br. Ex. 1 (DE 24-1) ¶ 20;

id.

 Ex. 2 (DE 24-2) ¶ 19 (emphasis added)).5  This 
language does not bar plaintiffs’ suit in state court in New Hanover County, in contrast to the 
clauses in the cases defendants cite, which permitted state litigation only if federal jurisdiction did 
not exist.  See Uboh v. U.S. Equestrian Found.,

384 F. Supp. 3d 780

, 784–85 (E.D. Ky. 2019); 
Cigna Healthcare of Tenn., Inc. v. Baptist Mem’l Health Care Corp., No. 2:23-cv-2550,

2024 WL 3939621

, at *10 (W.D. Tenn. Aug. 26, 2024); Maa v. Carnival Corp. & PLC, No. CV-20-6341, 


5    The court may consider evidence outside the pleadings to evaluate a motion to remand.  Middel v. Middel,

471 F. Supp. 3d 688

, 692 (D. Md. 2020); Linnin v. Michielsens,

372 F. Supp. 2d 811, 819

 (E.D. Va. 2005).

2020 WL 5633425

, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2020); Capital Rest. Grp., LLC v. Burger King Corp., 
No. 19-22131,

2019 WL 5102162

, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 11, 2019).           
    Defendants also emphasize the clauses’ language that plaintiffs waive “any objection . . . 
to venue[.]”  (Defs’ Br. Ex. 1 ¶ 20;

id.

 Ex. 2 ¶ 19).  As a preliminary matter, the court disagrees 
that the forum-defendant rule is a question of “venue” as opposed to removal procedure.  Indeed, 

the premise of defendants’ waiver argument, which the court accepted above, is that the rule is 
merely a question of removal procedure.  See Uboh, 384 F. Supp. 3d at 783–84 (collecting 
numerous cases for this point).  But even if defendants are right on this argument, a defendant can 
waive its parallel right to remove only through “clear and unequivocal intent[.]”  Grubb v. Donegal 
Mut. Ins. Co.,

935 F.2d 57, 59

 (4th Cir. 1991).  Applying removal waiver principles to a plaintiff’s 
right to remand, as defendants argue elsewhere in their briefing, such clear and unequivocal intent 
to waive the forum-defendant rule is lacking in the instant venue language, especially given that 
removal jurisdiction impinges on federalism and so must be “strictly construe[d][.]”  Mayor & 
City Council of Baltimore v. BP PLC,

31 F.4th 178

, 197 (4th Cir. 2022).  The court therefore 

rejects defendants’ contention that plaintiffs waived the forum-defendant rule by contract.  
    2.   Plaintiffs’ Motion for Fees                                     
    In their motion for remand, plaintiffs request attorneys’ fees.  As part of a remand order, 
the court may order payment of costs, including attorneys’ fees, incurred as a result of removal.

28 U.S.C. § 1447

(c).  The standard for fees under this statute is reasonableness of removal.  Martin 
v. Franklin Cap. Corp.,

546 U.S. 132, 141

 (2005).  Absent unusual circumstances, courts should 
award fees only when the removing party lacked “an objectively reasonable basis for seeking 
removal.”

Id.

  Defendants had at least one objectively reasonable basis for seeking removal.  
Although the forum-defendant rule clearly applied here, defendants’ argument on waiver through 
bad faith litigation conduct was not frivolous, even if unsuccessful.  Defendants had an objectively 
reasonable basis to believe, at the time of removal, that this court might side with them on that 
question, given the lack of binding authority pointing in either direction on this specific point. 
Accordingly, an award of fees under

28 U.S.C. § 1447

(c) is not warranted. 
     3.     Defendants’ Motions 
     Because remand is required, the court does not reach the merits of defendants’ motion for 
costs, fees, and stay, or defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.  See Burrell v. 
Bayer Corp.,

918 F.3d 372, 379

 (4th Cir. 2019) (“If the .  .  . case was not properly removed, ..  . 
then the district court was without jurisdiction to rule on its merits and instead was required to 
remand the action to state court.”); Phillips Constr., LLC v. Daniels Law Firm, PLLC,

93 F. Supp. 3d 544, 556

 (S.D.W. Va. 2015) (declining to reach Rule 12 motion after remanding under forum- 
defendant rule). 
                               CONCLUSION 
     Based on the foregoing, plaintiffs’ motion to remand (DE 21) is GRANTED.  Defendants’ 
motions  to  dismiss  and  for costs  (DE  8,  10)  remain  for  resolution.   This  action  is  hereby 
REMANDED to  the Superior Court of New Hanover County,  North Carolina.  The clerk is 
DIRECTED to transmit a certified copy of this order to the clerk of the Superior Court of New 
Hanover County, North Carolina, and to file in this case a copy of the clerk’s transmittal letter with 
a certified copy of the instant order. 
     SO ORDERED, this the 11th day of March, 2025. 

                                LOUISE W. FLANAGAN 
                                United States District Judge