(dissenting). Due proceedings under the workmen’s compensation act resulted in an award for plaintiff and application by defendants for review by certiorari. The application having been granted — quite improvidently in my view — we are confronted with question whether the compensation commission exceeded its authority by holding that the plaintiff employee’s accidental injury, sustained by her on the defendant employer’s premises during noon intermission, is compensable. The facts are typical of employee intermission eases, as will presently appear.
January 1, 1956, the writer became an associate member of this Court. The present case was assigned to him 4 days later. Seven days prior to such assignment a majority of the Court held
(Salmon
v.
Bagley Laundry Co.,
“In the instant case plaintiff had the option of leaving the laundry for coffee or remaining within the building for a rest period. During this period her employer had no control over her аctions, nor can it he said that she was actively engaged in rendering a service to her employer. The fact that she was paid during this 10-minute interval has no bearing upon whether her injury arose out of and during the course of her employment. During this period plaintiff was exercising a privilege common to all employees of the defendant company. The facts in this case do not warrant a finding that her injury arose out of and during the course of her employment.”
Note the new word “actively.” I didn’t know, until now, that an employee must “actively” be engaged in rendering a service to the employer at time of .accidental injury to- render the injury compensable, Michigan’s direct word for 38 consecutive years having been to pinpoint contrary. Witness the following declaration of sensible simplicity
(Haller
v.
City of Lansing,
“As directly applied to the noon intermission, it is .a long and well-settled rule that the service tie, or •contractual relations and obligations between master and servant, is not broken by such suspension of all •activities directly beneficial to the employer.”
Mr. Justice Smith dissented in the Salmon Case. His dissent, in my view, is quite unanswerable. It was not in fact answered at all, as the respective opinions disclose on face thereof. My pen is therefore arrayed with that of Justice Smith by adoption of his mentioned dissent. It will proceed, on combined strength of his reasoning in Salmon and proven soundness of Haller, to record for this companion *272 case convictions' that are due, quite manifestly, for minority support only. To make it perfectly plain, I “actively” refuse to swallow Salmon’s new compound of transparent ipsedixitism.
In the way of prologue, reference is made to the broad-gauge declarations appearing in
Cudahy Packing Company of Nebraska
v.
Parramore
(1923),
*272 “The modern development and growth of industry, with the consequent changes in the relations of employer and employee, have been so profound in character and degree as to take away, in large measure, the applicability of the doctrines upon which rest the common-law liability of the master for personal injuries to a servant, leaving of necessity a field of debatable ground where a good deal must be conceded in favor of forms of legislation, calculated tо establish new bases of liability more in harmony with these changed .conditions. Workmen’s compensation'legislation rests upon the idea of status, not upon that of implied contract; that is, upon the conception that the injured workman is entitled to compensation for an injury sustained in the service of an industry to whose operations he contributes his work as the owner contributes his capital — the one for the sake of the wages and the other for the sake of the profits. * * *
“We attach no importance to the fact that the accident happened a few minutes before the time Parramore wa’s to begin work, and was, therefore, to> that extent, outside the specified hours of employ-
*273
Since this case of Mack was submitted, the United States supreme court, speaking unanimously through Chief Justice Warren, has affirmed again the principle of
Parramore
by holding that before-and-afterworkshift activities of an employee that are so closely related to his direct duty as to form an integral part thereof are compensable under the fair labor standards act
(Steiner
v.
Mitchell,
Turning now from preliminary observations to the case before us: The facts on which this duplicate -of-Salmon Case arrived here were comprehensively stated by the commission below (now appeal board) as follows:
“Plaintiff was working, as a multigraph machine operator on December 2, 1952 in department 85-A located on the second floor of a building facing on Washington avenue in Lansing, Michigan. Plaintiff worked from 7:30 a.m. .to 4 p.m.- with a 30-minute lunch period beginning at 11:12 a.m. Employees were.r.equired to punch timecards on coming to work in the morning and on leaving for the day. They were not required to punch.the time clock at lunch time. Duriug the lunch period employees could go wherever they wished. They could eat in the departments where they worked, leave the employer’s premises-and go to restaurants-on Washington avenue, go home for lunch, or eat in the cafeteria on defeiid.a-nt’s premises.' ¡'This' -cafeteria was located in a sep *274 arate building of defendant wbicb also faced on Washington avenue. A paved driveway ran between the 2 buildings and the door by which plaintiff left department 85-A was approximately 300 feet from the cafeteria door. This driveway was used by employees to walk to the cafeteria and was the only way to go. It was the same route that employees traveled in coming to and leaving work. The route from department 85-A to the cafeteria was on defendant’s premises.
“The cafeteria building and the tables and chairs were owned by defendant. The equipment used to-prepare food was owned by a Mr. Myers who operated the cafeteria under the supervision of defendant. Myers received the profits.
“The cafeteria was established as a convenience for defendant’s employees. Defendant was interested in having a place on the premises where employees could eat. * * *
“On December 2, 1952, the whistle blew for lunch at 11:12 a.m. Plaintiff walked downstairs, left the building where she worked, and started along the' paved driveway toward the cafeteria. Near the entrance to the cafeteria building, plaintiff slipped on ice and both feet went out from under her. Plaintiff fell on her buttocks and back, striking her head on the pavement. She was taken to defendant’s first-aid department for treatment and then was taken to' her home. Plaintiff was attended by Dr. DeVries and returned to work within 2 or 3 days. Diathermy treatments were furnished by defendant for 2 or 3 weeks. However, plaintiff suffered from back pain from December 2, 1952 to June 21, 1954, the date of hearing herein.”
First:
Defendants rely on
Daniel
v.
Murray Corporation of America,
“The deciding factor in these cases is whether the •employee at the time of the injury was rendering a service to the employer, or was engaged in one of the duties of the employment. * * *
“She had left the building in which she was employed, after her lunch period had commenced and had no further duty to perform for her employer until the end of the lunch period. The injury occurred while she was proceeding to the cafeteria to eat lunch, exercising her own free choice.”
The commission did not accept defendants’ quoted view and proceeded to follow
Haller
v.
Lansing, supra; Amicucci
v.
Ford Motor Co.,
To say that the confusion and conflict of decisions so arrayed can he reconciled and composed for this noon-intermission case is a bit short of accuracy if not actual dissemblance. For direct instance: Haller’s Case says one thing and Luteran’s Case, pretending no offense to Haller, says another. Haller’s widow received compensation on strength of a tersely stated rule (p 759) — “A workman is considered in the employment of his master during the intermis *276 sion for the noon hour if he remains upon the premises” — whereas Luteran received none on account of poorly-varnished evasion, 29 years later, of the same rule. The profession is surely entitled to ask, “What gives here?” and I Speak no canted words. Something has to give here and it will on the morrow if not this day. The hour is late for the confession and absolution of a hew start, and I suggest that we now have done with further effort toward longitudinal quartering of woolly-worded legal hairs such as are found in the likes of Luteran.
This is an appellate court — not a super administrative tribunal. The constitutional writ of certiorari, when issued to the commission below, brings us questions of law only. Its issuance is — or should be — confined to eases where the commission has decided an important question of law, not a mixed question of fact and law, in a way apparently contrary to the broadly stated arid oft-heralded intent of the act. It is not our job, the writ having been issued, to weigh the evidence or try issues de novo, and we are not graced by the sorry farrago of doubt made evident in compensation cases of recent years. Why not, in these circumstances, formally affirm for the future that where decisions of the appeal board necessarily involve conflicting evidence as to essential facts, or the deduction of permissible but diverse inferences from disputed or undisputed evidence it has received, the board’s resolution thereof will be presumed to be correct and that the burden of proof will be on the party attacking such resolution to show that it is erroneous?
I pause, before formal motion, for matching of Haller against Luteran. Fairly tested in the same ring,,one or the other must go to the mat of discard. Luteran, like Haller, was doing the “reasonable and natural thing under existing -conditions.” He was watching a ball game on company premises, aft *277 er lie had eaten and during the noon intermission. The ball games were permitted by the employer. He was in no way responsible for, neither was he required to expect, an unintentionally thrown ball bat any more than Haller was required to expect the explosion that took his life. This Court said, at first (p 489), that Luteran “was standing somewhat near” the batter. Later, and quite bodaciously I think, the Court assumed to say (twice on the same page, as a matter of law) that Luteran was standing (p 491) “in-dangerous proximity to another employee who was swinging a baseball bat.” Here are more facts disclosеd in the printed record: Luteran was not even close to the ambit of the batter’s swing. The exact distance is not shown in the record. He was, nevertheless, far enough away from - the batter for occurrence of this chain of events: The batter had just produced a new ball, purchased by himself, for the game. He testified “I wanted to kill it,” and apparently made mighty effort to do so. When he lost grip on the bat, he glanced to follow its flight and seeing Luteran in the path thereof and looking away, called Luteran by nickname with result that Luteran turned just in time to get the bat in the face. Anyone who says as a matter of law that such is “dangerous proximity” has never played baseball— neither has he tеsted velocity against reaction time to get an idea of distance — and I timidly suggest that he should leave., determinations of such nature to constituted triers of fact.
Such is the essence of
Luteran’s Case,
and such is the way he was judged guilty of having broken the “nexus” between himself and his employment. The same gall to lesser extent sours
Clark, Lewis
and
Saily
— also
Tegels
v.
Kaiser-Frazer Corporation,
*278 Second: Foregoing convictions having been laid' on the table for. due scrutiny, I now move on this' first conference day of the year (March 1, 1956) that so-called intermission cases, and this is one equally with Salmon, be guided again by the precepts of Haller v. City of Lansing, supra. Such precepts, and I do not wish to be understood as limiting their scope to the employer’s premises if “nexus between workman and employer” remains unbroken, are introduced on page 758 of the Haller Case in language-I have previously quoted, and they continue to end thereof.
Haller,
exhaustive and helpful, was and is a leading case in this country. It was annotated- at the-time (LRA1917E, 324), and this of all courts should have good reason for decision to ignore it. The case-supports decision in
Zurich General Accident & Liability Ins. Company
v.
Brunson
(CCA 9, 1926) 15 F2d 906; its nexus rule is quoted as lead discussion of subtopic entitled “Interruption of employment” in the 55-page annotation headed “What is accident arising out of and in course of employment within meaning of workmen’s compensation act” (Ann Cas 1918B, 768, 815); it braces the annotated case and annotations shown in
“In a number of cases it has been held that an injured workman is entitled to compensation for injuries received on the employer’s premises, although the accident occurred during lunch period when work was not actively in progress, where the eating of the lunch on the premises was with the employer’s knowledge and consent, express or implied.”
*279 There is no thought, outside the peninsular State, of departure from the rule of Haller. Dean Larson, of the University of Pittsburgh Law School, now on leave as under-secretary of labor, says in his recent work entitled “The Law of Workmen’s Cоmpensation” (vol 1, p 194) :
“As to employees having fixed hours and place of work, injuries occurring on the premises while they are going to and from work before or after working hours or at lunch time are compensable, but if the injury occurs off the premises, it is not compensable, subject to several exceptions. Underlying some of these exceptions is the principle that course of employment should extend to any injury which occurred at a point where the employee was within range of dangers associated with the employment.”
Getting directly to our present “on the premises” point, Larson then declares (p 298) the universal law of the United States and England in these words:
“Injuries occurring on the premises during a regular lunch hour arise in the course of employment, even though the interval is technically outside the regular hours of employment in the sense that the worker receives no pay for that time and is in no degree under the control of the employer, being free to go where he pleases.” (Emphasis by author.)
Haller, of course, is cited in support as the law of Michigan.
Haller
announced no rule which at the time was unknown in our State. As far back as Justice Cooley’s time
(Broderick
v.
Detroit Union Railroad Station & Depot Company,
Haller’s. worth is seen in the proven foresight of its author. He had no way of knowing, in 1917, that the dinner pail noon hour would progressively be displaced by the cafeteria- style of this .day— neither did he have inkling of the coffee break or corrésponding encouragement by employers of recreational exercise and wholesome rest In the form of diversion, On the pre.mises, during work intermissions. Yet. he . wrote in, terms so broad and flexible as to irnpe.1 respectful suggestion of gifted prescience on his part.
This newcоmer is admittedly curious as he views majority refusal in Salmon, to follow the great weight of, authority in intermission cases. Most courts and writers, including our own predecessors, favor compensatory award in such instance, there being no break of nexus as a matter, of fact in the given case. Yet with start in Luteran and finish with Salmon we' turn absent fair explanation t'o the narrower view—a view that would turn the compensation act off and on like a spigot when, for instance, telephone call by wife or call by nature temporarily takes an employee from bench or shovel. Some, including the writer, wonder and wonder again why our Court has gratuitously veered to the frigid in compensation cases—whereas soothsаyers, pointing to Michigan's origin of'the. Pleistocene age, may have *281 ominous answer' for the'discreetly bruited question as to what manner of men are these, whose interpretive habit is glacial squeeze. "We must hope that Cardozo has the answer and the mystical have not. He says (The Growth Of The Law, p 66):
“Judges march at times to pitiless conclusions under the prod of a remorseless logic which is supposed to leave them no alternative. They deplore the sacrificial rite. They perform it, nonetheless, with averted gaze, convinced as they plunge the knife that they obey the bidding of their office. The victim is offered up to the gods of jurisprudence on the altar of regulаrity.”
(This particular victim, Gilda Mack, will doubtless be offered up to the gods of jurisprudence on another altar — that of error shown in the Salmon Case.)
It will do no harm to soberly consider the strange silhouette we have made vis-a-vis the compensation act. Should we not heed, for instance, Dean Pound’s recent criticism? Writing in 15 NACCA Law Journal, 53, 54, below careful review of
Nichols
v.
Central Crate & Box Co.,
“Michigan has attained a bad eminence in narrow interpretation and application of the workmen’s compensation act.”
When Roscoe Pound says that Michigan has attained á bad eminence in given juristic field this Court is due for searching look in the mirror of its questioned decisions. The American Bar Association did not overstate his eminence when it said, in lead paragraph of eulogistic editorial comment (32 ABA Journal, 133);
“In token of the admiration, affection and deep respect in which Roscoe Pound is held by the law *282 yers, jurists and leaders of thought in virtually all lands on all continents, our cover portrait this month is that of the beloved Dean Emeritus of the Harvard Law School — preeminent legal scholar of the world today and sagacious adviser of many who seek to find and follow the sound and statesmanlike course in government.”
Our intermission cases will, sooner or later, receive due re-examination — here in these chambers. We should not leave to the legislature the task of attending and correcting judicial errors, as even now it has relevantly attempted to do by amendatory PA 1954, No 175 (CLS 1954, § 412.1 [Stat Ann 1955 Cum Supp §17.151] ). The job is ours, and for support I need but turn to another field and refer to the years of tragic and now admitted injustice one may count between dissent in
Lachow
v.
Kimmich,
There are words of wisdom in a recent Arizona case
(Nicholson
v.
Industrial Commission,
76 Ariz
*283
105, 109 [
“A liberal construction is not synonymous with a generous intеrpretation. To interpret liberally envisions an approach with an open and broad mind not circumscribed by strictures or predilection, whereas a generous interpretation suggests free-handedness — largess. It is not in the power of this court to ‘give’ hut it definitely is its duty to interpret the law to insure that what the law gives is not withheld.” (Emphasis mine.)
Third: Holding, as I do, that the commission was possessed of authority to determine that on December 2,1952, plaintiff received a personal injury which arose out of and in course of employment, we are confronted with contention that plaintiff’s claim filed January 7, 1954, came too late. The commission found, and its finding in such regard is fully supported as a matter of fact:
“We further find as follows: The accidental injury of December 2, 1952 initiated plaintiff’s back trouble. However, the duties which she performed after returning to work following such injury aggravated her condition and caused it to be progressive. Such work, including and culminating in the incidents of October 5, 1953 relative to the pushing of the heavy box to the elevator and squatting to pick up the cleaning cloth, completed the process and resulted in the condition diagnosed by Dr. Gardner which totally disabled plaintiff and required her to quit work on October 5, 1953. The regular and customary work necessitated the lifting, pushing and handling of heavy articles and required plaintiff regularly to bend over and twist and turn her body. This was regular and customary work involving very *284 strenuous and unusual physical exertion. Plaintiff’s work presented a substantial hazard of back injury far in excess of that attending employment in general. The date of disability is October 5, 1953 when plaintiff ceased work.”
The facts present an essentially new issue. That issue should be met without consideration of the defendant employer’s knowledge and alleged failure to file report pursuant to part 3, § 17 of the act (CL 1948, §413.17 [Stat Ann 1950 Rev §17.191]). As we have seen, the plaintiff sustained personal injury which arose out of and in course of employment. Had such injury been disabling at the time it then and there would have become compensable. She continued at work, presenting substantial hazard of aggravation of that initial injury due to causes and conditions characteristic of and peculiar- to such work, with resultant disabling effect of the original injury. Her right to compensation accordingly stems from the combination of noncompensable accidental injury and final aggravation thereof to the point of disability, and it accrued on the date of disability as found by the commission.
Where an accidental injury is sustained which is noncompensable for want of disability at the time, and where that injury is later occupationally-aggravated to the point of disability, the aggravation becomes a compensable injury and the period of time allotted by the statute for making clаim commences to run when the right to such compensation accrues. Plaintiff’s claim for compensation was timely, and defendants’ presently-considered contention should therefore be overruled.
The award should be affirmed.
For the reasons stated herein, I do not concur in affirming the award.
The facts and circumstances in “intermission cases” (to use the designation employed by Justice Black) vary; and the mere fact that it is an “intermission” case is not the yardstick which controls decision. In the instant case the facts and circumstances have been sufficiently stated in the opinion by the commission, quoted by Justice Black.
The Haller Case, * decided in 1917, on which Justice Black relies, holds (syllabi):
“1. It is only wilful and intentional negligence of an employee that precludes recovery of compensation under the workmen’s compensation act.
“2. The service tie or contractual relation and obligation between master and servant is not broken by suspension of all activities directly beneficial to the employer, as by noon intermission for lunch.
“3. In proceedings for compensation for the death of an employee under the workmen’s compensation act, where the death was due to injuries sustained as the result of an explosion of gas caused by deceased lighting his pipe, upon going into the employer’s tool house adjacent to his work for better shelter from windy аnd inclement weather, while eating his lunch at the noon hour, and he was not prohibited by his employer from going into the tool house at such time, held, that such employee was within the act, and that compensation for his death was properly allowed.”
The first 2 of the above conclusions seem to have been abandoned, as not controlling of decision, in subsequent cases to decide whether an employee is entitled to workmen’s compensation for an injury, under the statutory workmen’s compensation law. The above third conclusion, as to the circumstances under tvhich an employee may be entitled to compen *286 sation, is still with ns, plainly shown by the many decisions of this Court since the Haller Case was decided in 1917. In those cases this Court has often been called uрon to decide whether the employee’s injury arose out of and in the course of his employment; * and as to whether there was a causal connection between his employment and the injury. If not, and if, at the time of his injury, the employee was engaged solely on a personal mission of his own, not then performing any service or duty for his employer, our decisions hold that the injury did not arise out of or in the course of the employment, and that consequently the employee was not entitled to compensation, under the act.
In the Haller Case, relied on by Justice Black as controlling of the instant case, Haller, an employee of the city of Lansing, was a laborer engaged in leveling up a place in a city park. When the noon hour for eating lunch arrived, Haller quit working, took his dinner pail into a toolhouse to eat, and struck a match to light his pipe causing a gasoline explosion resulting in his injury. The Court, basing its conclusion on the ground that the contractual relation between master and servant continued unbroken during the noon-hour intermission, said (pp 759, 763):
“‘A workman is considered in the employment of his master during the intermission for the noon hour, if he remains upon the premises.’ Baldwin on Personal Injuries (2d ed), §374. * * *
“Agreeably to that rule, it is generally held under workmen’s compensation laws that, while such relation so continues, an injury to an employee may arise out and in the cоurse of his employment, although he is not directly engaged in the work of his employment at the time. * * *
“The building was unlocked and free of access, with no warning signs, was on his employer’s prem *287 ises invitingly close to where he was working in the inclement weather. As before stated, in seeking* shelter there during the noon intermission, he did a reasonable and natural thing under existing conditions, might reasonably light his pipe at such a time, was doing no forbidden thing, incurring no apparent risk, and violating no known rule of Ms employment.”
The Haller Case, decided in 1917, on the basis of the master-servant relationship being continuous during an “intermission” from work, does not apply, where we are called upon to decide, under the workmen’s compensation statute law, which we must follow, whether the injury arose both out of and in the course of the employment, and whether there was a causal connection between the employment and the injury.
Luteran
v.
Ford Motor Co.,
“An injury ‘arises out of’ the employment when there is apparent to the rational mind, upon consideration of all the circumstances, a causal connection between the conditions under which the work is required to be performed and the resulting injury (CL 1929, § 8417, as amended by PA 1943, No 245).
*288 “Whether an injury can be said to have arisen out of and in the course of the employment depends upon the particular facts and circumstances of each case.
“The workmen’s compensation act is not designed as a complete substitute for lifе, or sick and accident, insurance and sympathy is not allowed to broaden its express provisions (CL 1929, § 8407, as amended).”
I agree with Justice Black where he writes “matching of Haller against Luteran. Fairly tested in the same ring, one or the other must go to the mat of discard.” In view of the many decisions of this Court since the Haller Case was decided in 1917, it is apparent that the Haller Case has been effectively overruled by the subsequent Luteran Case and many others, and that the Haller Case has gone “to the mat of discard.”
But the
Luteran Case, supra,
does not stand alone in overruling the
Haller Case,
and in deciding the basis on which this Court construes and follows the statute law. There are many others:
Malone
v.
Detroit United Railway,
We should add to that list those other decisions where the alleged injury to the employee occurred
*289
during what may also be termed an “intermission,” namely, when the employee was not actively or actually engaged in doing work or performing any service for his employer, but was on a mission solely his own, personal to himself, during Avhich time he was not performing any sеrvice for his employer. Such eases, decided under various circumstances, are:
Hills
v.
Blair,
To the above list there should also be added the more recent cases decided under circumstances quite analogous to those in the case at bar, where this Court has continued to adhere to the conditions theretofore announced, as to what must be shown in order that the employee may be entitled to compensation under the act. They are:
Hickman
v.
City of Detroit,
An examination of the above decisions readily discloses the uniform rules which have been followed. To discuss them separately would only needlessly lengthen and encumber an opinion.
Also to the above cаses should be added the most recent case, likewise made a target for ridicule by
*290
Justice Black. In
Salmon
v.
Bagley Laundry Co.,
“In the case at bar, as in the Tegels Case, supra, * the right to control the actions or activities of the employees during the noon-hour lunch period or coffee-break period was absent. In the instant case plaintiff had the option of leaving the laundry for coffee or remaining within the building for a rest period. During this period her employer had no control over her actions, nor can it be said that she was actively engaged in rendering a service to her employer. The fact that she was paid during this 10-minute interval has no bearing upon whether her injury arose out of and during the course of her employment. During this period plaintiff was exercising a privilege common to all employees of the defendant company. The facts in this case do not warrant a finding that her injury arose out of and during the course of her employment.”
When we are called upon to decide whether the injury arose both out of and in the course of the employment, and whether there is a causal connection between the employment and the injury, we should continue to follow the statute law. It declares that an injury, to be compensable, must arise out of and in the course of the employment. Both of these requirements must be complied with; and furthermore, in order to be compensable, there must have been a causal connection between the employment and the *291 injury. The Court should not attempt to rewrite the statute law. Unless or until the legislature changes the workmen’s compensation law I am not willing to overrule the decisions hereinbefore referred to. The controlling question under the Michigan workmen’s compеnsation law is not whether the employee is still the “servant,” and his employer the “master,” during an intermission from work.
Decisions from other States relied upon by Justice Black, without showing that the statute law there is the same as in this State, have no particular force here, in construing the statutory workmen’s compensation law of this State. * Nor do the decisions of Federal courts, also relied upon, control decision of a State court of last resort, on questions of construction of a State statute, in the absence of any Federal question being involved.
“The Michigan Supreme Court is authorized to interpret the Michigan workmen’s compensation law, and the holding of that Court binds Federal district court and litigants before the Federal court. CL 1948, § 413.15 (Stat Ann 1950 Rev § 17.189).” Milan v. Kausch (CCA 6), 194 F2d 263 (syllabus).
The award in this case is set aside.