42 F. 561 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Kansas | 1890
(after stating the facts as above.') The objection made to this proceeding, that it is practically a suit against the state, has been considered by us in the case of Tuchman v. Welch, ante, 548, in the opinion just filed. See, also, Hagood v. Southern, 117 U. S. 70, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 608. The remaining question, not disposed of in that discussion, is whether or not this suit is obnoxious to the objection that a court of equity never extends its jurisdiction to the enjoining of criminal proceedings. This is, unquestionably, a well-settled general rule of equity jurisprudence. Railway Co. v. Kansas City, 29 Mo. App. 89, and loc. cit. This question underwent extended discussion in Re Sawyer, 124 U. S. 200, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 482. Mr. Justice Gbay, who delivered the majority opinion, said, inter alia: ;
“ The office and jurisdiction of a court of equity, unless enlarged by express statute, are limited to the protection of rights of property. It has no jurisdiction over the prosecution, the punishment, or the pardon of crimes or mis-' demeanors. * * * To assume such a jurisdiction, or to sustain a bill in' equity to restrain or relieve against proceedings for the punishment of offenses,- * * * is to invade the domain of the courts of common law.”
Without stopping here to consider whether this general rule is limited to criminal proceedings already begun in the court of criminal jurisdiction, it is sufficient to the matter in hand to say, as indicated in the quotation above made, that the rule has its exceptions. One of these is-where a threatened criminal proceeding is hostile, vexatious, and unwarranted, and involves the wanton destruction of or injury to property interests of the accused; and especially so under circumstances where, if-permitted to proceed, the party injured would have no adequate remedy at law for restitution. Mr. Justice Gbay recognizes this. He quotes, from Sheridan v. Colvin, 78 Ill. 237:
“It is elementary law that the subject-matter of the jurisdiction of a court1 of ehaneery is civil property. The court is conversant only with1 questions of*564 property, and the maintenance of civil rights. Injury to property whether actual or prospective, is the foundation on which the jurisdiction re,*i-s. The court has no jurisdiction in matters merely criminal or merely immoral, which do not affect any right to property.”
Again he says:
“No question of property is suggested in the allegation of matters of fact in the bill, or would be involved in any decree that the court could make thereon.”
So Mr. Justice Field, in his concurring opinion, said:
“In many cases, proceedings criminal in their character, taken by individuals or organized bodies of men, tending, if carried out, to despoil one of his property or other rights, may be enjoined by a court of equity.”
In the case of Emperor of Austria v. Day, 3 De Gex, F. & J. 217, Lord Justice Turner observed:
“I agree that the jurisdiction of this court in a case of this nature-rests upon injury to property, actual or prospective, and that this court has no jurisdiction to prevent the commission of acts merely criminal or merely illegal, and which do not affect any right of property; but I think there are here rights of property quite sufficient to found jurisdiction in this court. Ido not agree to the proposition that there is no remedy in this court if there be no remedy at law, and still less do I agree to the proposition that this court is bound to send a matter of this description to be tried at law. The highest authority upon the jurisdiction of this court, in enumerating the eases to whicli the jurisdiction extends, mentions cases of this class, where the principles of law by which the ordinary courts are guided give no right, but, upon the principles of universal justice, the judicial power is necessary to preyent a wrong, and the positive law is silent.”
In Spinning Co. v. Riley, L. R. 6 Eq. 558, the vice-chancellor said:
“The jurisdiction of this court is to protect property; and it will interfere by injunction to stay any proceedings, whether connected with crime or not, which go to the immediate, or tend to the ultimate, destruction of property, or to make it less valuable for use or occupation.”
In Lottery Co. v. Fitzpatrick, 8 Woods, 222, the court was called upon, in the exercise of its equity jurisdiction, to meet and counteract the attempt of the state, through unfriendly and hostile legislation, to drive the obnoxious concern and its business from the state, through penal enactments and criminal prosecutions. The court says:
“Nor is there anything in the fact that the defendant is an officer, and supposes he is performing an official duty, which would constitute a reason for withholding the exercise of this jurisdiction. The jurisdiction is conservatory, and is employed where a wrong is attempted under color of law, and with an appearance of right, to inflict permanent and incurable mischief. The remedies of law are not generally adequate to defend persons from violence and lawlessness.- The unoffending citizen is entitled to be protected by the state through its punitive laws. But when the state itself errs, and its legislature visits by a law constantly recurring penalties upon all the officers and agents of a corporation, it g. ves rise to a question of the rightfulness of the law, viewed in its operation upon franchises, — upon property; for, since a corporation is an artificial being, and can only act through its representatives, any law which forbids, under penal sanction, every conceivable corporate act of officers and 8,gents, must assail the value and existence of its privileges, and, if the law*565 toe unauthorized, its operation may be restrained, and property which is by the constitution exempted from this power may be protected by the proper process of the courts.”
Again he says:
“The officers of every state of the United States, whether executive or judicial, owe to the constitution of the United Slates a fealty and homage and obedience surpassing that which they owe to their constituents of the state. The people of the United States, composed of all the peoples of the separate states, have adopted the constitution, and have ordained that the terms of that instrument, and the laws and treaties made pursuant to it, shall have obedience, anything in the constitution and laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.” Citing Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1; Dodge v. Woolsey, 18 How. 331.
In the latter case, the circuit court of the United States for the district of Ohio having granted an injunction upon the officers of the state from (enforcing the state enactments, the supreme court said :
“The jurisdiction of chancery extends to inquire into and enjoin, as the «case may require to be done, any proceedings by individuals, in whatever character they may profess to act, if the subject of complaint is an imputed violation of a corporate franchise, or a denial of a right growing out of it, for which there is not an adequate remedy at law.”
So in Osborn v. Bank, 9 Wheat. 738, the court say:
“The counsel for applellants are too intelligent, and have too much self-respect, to pretend that a void act can afford any protection to officers to execute it. The circuit court of the United States has jurisdiction of a bill brought by the United States for the purpose of protecting the bank in the exercise of its franchises which are threatened to be invaded under the unconstitutional laws of the state. ”
And in that case the order of restraint went against the officers threatening the injury to the franchise.
It is scarcely needful to be observed that the courts would not any the less extend their protecting arm over the property rights of the individual citizen than over those of a corporation.
In Live-Stock, etc., Ass’n v. Crescent City, etc., Co., 1 Abb. (U. S.) 388-406, Mr. Justice Bradley, while, as shown in the opinion in Tuchman v. Welch, supra, declining to restrain proceedings already instituted in the state court, under his conception of the civil rights bill as it then existed, not obviating the applicability of section 720, Rev. St. U. S., proceeded to enjoin and restrain the defendants “from commencing or prosecuting any other suits upon their act of incorporation than such as are now pending against the said complainants, or either of them, from doing or performing any act expressed in the declarative clause of this decree, or from suing for any fine or penalty imposed in said act, or from doing or performing any of the acts aforesaid, and from interfering with them in the prosecution of their lawful occupations as live-stock dealers or butchers, or as vendors of animal food or animals.”
The declared object and purpose of the respondents is to obstruct and prevent the right of complainant and its agents to pursue a lawful avocation and business in commerce between the states. In short, in intent
“Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of any state or territory, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States, or other person within the jurisdiction thereof, tó the deprivation of any' rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.”
Nothing, of course, here said or enjoined, is to be construed as extending to any prosecution to which the complainant or its agents may be lawfully subject for selling such articles otherwise than as importers, in the original packages in which they may be imported, within the protecting terms of the federal constitution, as interpreted by the supreme court of the United States. With this limitation, the temporary writ of injunction should be granted.